Exam 7: Endocrine system/hormones Flashcards
1
Q
What type of hormone is GH? What organ secretes it?
A
Peptide hormone; Anterior pituitary
2
Q
What type of hormone is LH? What organ secretes it?
A
Glycoprotein; Anterior pituitary
3
Q
What type of hormone is FSH? What organ secretes it?
A
Glycoprotein; Anterior pituitary
4
Q
What type of hormone is TSH? What organ secretes it?
A
Glycoprotein; Anterior pituitary
5
Q
What type of hormone is ACTH? What organ secretes it?
A
Protein; anterior pituitary
6
Q
What type of hormone is PRL? What organ secretes it?
A
Peptide; anterior pituitary
7
Q
What type of hormone is ADH (Vasopressin)? What organ secretes it?
A
Peptide; posterior pituitary
8
Q
What type of hormone is Calcitonin? What organ secretes it?
A
Protein; C-cells of thyroid
9
Q
What type of hormone is PCT? What organ secretes it?
A
Peptide; parafollicular c-cells of thyroid
10
Q
What type of hormone is PTH? What organ secretes it?
A
Peptide; parathyroid cells
11
Q
What type of hormone is Insulin? What organ secretes it?
A
Protein; beta cells of the pancreas
12
Q
What type of hormone is Glucagon? What organ secretes it?
A
Protein; alpha cells of the pancreas
13
Q
What type of hormone is Gastrin? What organ secretes it?
A
Peptide; G cells of the pyloric antrum of the stomach
14
Q
What type of hormone is Secretin? What organ secretes it?
A
Peptide; S cells of the duodenum
15
Q
What type of hormone is bHCG? What organ secretes it?
A
Peptide; Syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placenta
16
Q
What type of hormone is Cortisol? What organ secretes it?
A
Steroid hormone (glucocorticoid); Zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex
17
Q
What type of hormone is Aldosterone? What organ secretes it?
A
Steroid (mineralcorticoid); Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
18
Q
What type of hormone is Testosterone? What organ secretes it?
A
Steroid; Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
19
Q
What type of hormone is DHEA? What organ secretes it?
A
Steroid; Zone reticularis of the adrenal cortex
20
Q
What type of hormone is Progesterone? What organ secretes it?
A
Steroid; Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex , gonads, and corpus luteum of pregnancy in the ovary
21
Q
What type of hormone is Estrogen? What organ secretes it?
A
Steroid; Zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex
22
Q
What type of hormone is Catecholamine? What organ secretes it?
A
Amine neurotransmitter; Adrenal medulla
23
Q
What hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus?
A
Releasing hormones
24
Q
What hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?
A
Stimulating hormones
25
What type of hormones are hydrophillic, fast-acting, and have very short half lives?
Amine/peptide/protein hormones
26
What type of hormones are hydrophobic, slow to act, but have very long half lives?
Steroid hormones
27
Endocrine vs exocrine hormones
Endocrine: sent long distances through blood
Exocrine: secreted outside of the body
28
What type of hormone is T3/T4? Where are they secreted from?
Amine; thyroid gland
29
What type of hormone is oxytocin? Where is it secreted from?
Peptide protein; posterior pituitary gland
30
What is a glycoprotein hormone?
Proteins conjugated with carbohydrates
31
True or False: steroid hormones can freely pass the plasma membrane
TRUE
32
What are fatty acid hormones derived from?
Arachidonic acid
33
What happens to lipid proteins if albumin is decreased? What disease is this?
Lipid proteins are decreased since albumin is their carrier protein. This is liver disease/cirrhosis
34
How do hormones travel in the body if they are steroidal?
Bound to carrier proteins such as albumin but can freely pass the plasma membrane
35
How do hormones travel in the body if they are peptide/protein?
Peptides - bind channel protein receptors to enter plasma membrane
Protein - can cross membrane freely
36
What are micellar bodies?
Natural, amphipathic lipids that self assemble into small spherical structures for short term travel through aqueous environments
37
What are the predominant organs for eliminating hormones from the blood?
Kidneys and liver
38
Negative vs positive feedback loop and which hormones are positive feedback
Negative feedback: as more product is made, earlier steps in the process are decreased after detection of enough product
Positive feedback: product increases production of itself to make more and more (OXYTOCIN)
39
Common hormones that are associated with high stress level:
Aldosterone, cortisol, catecholamines, growth hormone, prolactin
40
What is diurnal variation? What is an example of a hormone that exhibits diurnal variation?
Fluctuations of hormones based on changes to light/dark (day/night) due to our "biological clocks" --> ACTH (Cortisol) and melatonin
41
Environmental/Extrinsic factors that affect hormone levels:
Diurnal variation, Menstruation, Menopause, Diet and food, Drugs
42
What hormones are affected and how during menopause?
Estrogen levels from the ovaries are decreased and FSH and LH levels are consistently elevated
43
What is the relationship between GH and Glucose?
INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
Increased glucose levels inhibit GH
Decreased glucose levels increase GH
44
How is ADH regulated in the body and what is its function?
Function: increase water retention
Regulated by the RAAS system and baroreceptors in the right atrium of the heart (BNP shuts off RAAS pathway to decrease blood volume)
45
What is methimazole?
Treats hyperthyroidism by stopping thyroid hormone synthesis
46
What is the relationship between cortisol and glucose?
Increased cortisol = increased blood glucose
47
What hormones does the pancreas release?
Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
48
What hormones does the ovary release?
Estrogen/progesterone
49
What hormones does the thyroid/parathyroid release?
T3, T4, calcitonin, PTH
50
What is T3 AKA? What is T4 AKA?
T3: Triiodothyronine
T4: Thyroxine
51
What would levels be of T3/T4/TSH/TRH in primary hypothyroidism?
Decreased T3/T4
Increased TSH
Increased TRH
Direct organ problem
52
What would levels be of T3/T4/TSH/TRH in secondary hypothyroidism?
Decreased T3/T4
Decreased TSH
Increased TRH
Pituitary problem
53
What would levels be of T3/T4/TSH/TRH in teritiary hypothyroidism?
Decreased T3/T4
Decreased TSH
Decreased TRH
Hypothalamus problem
54
What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex and what type of hormones are secreted from each of them and their names?
From OUTER to INNER:
Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis: makes sex androgens and DHEA
55
Function of FSH in males and females
Males: stimulates spermatogenesis
Females: stimulates ovarian follicle to produce egg
56
Function of LH in males and females:
Males: stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
Females: works w/ estrogen as a positive feedback loop to drive ovulation
57
What does the hypothalamus secrete to stimulate FSH/LH from pituitary gland?
GnRH
58
Role of prolactin
Lactation and mammary gland development
59
Function of progesterone:
Induces proliferation and growth of endometrial lining of the uterus; deficiencies are associated w/ infertility
60
Function of estrogen:
Promotes the development breasts, uterine/vaginal development
61
Where are catecholamines made and examples of some?
Adrenal medulla; dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
61
Where are catecholamines made and examples of some?
Adrenal medulla; dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
62
Is T3 or T4 in higher amount? Which is more metabolically active?
T4 is in higher amount; T3 is more metabolically active
63
S&S associated with hyperthyroidism vs hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism: weight loss, increased metabolism, tachycardia, heat intolerance
Hypothyroidism: weight gain, lowered metabolism, cold intolerance, edema, constipation
64
Role of oxytocin
Lactation, intrauterine contraction, orgasms
65
Role of calcitonin
Regulates blood calcium (DECREASES blood calcium to increase bone calcium)
66
Role of parathyroid hormone
Regulates blood calcium (INCREASES blood calcium levels - antagonistic to calcitonin)
67
What is the role of insulin?
Decrease blood glucose
68
DM type 1 vs DM type 2
type 1: autoimmune disorder caused by destruction of beta cells that can no longer produce insulin
type 2: cells no longer respond to insulin due to increased blood glucose for so long correlated w/ obesity and sedentary lifestyle
69
Role of gastrin and secretin?
Regulate acid-base balances of the stomach content as food moves through
70
Role of glucagon?
Increase blood glucose by inhibiting glycolysis/glycogenesis (breakdown of glucose) and enhancing glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis (production of glucose)
71
What is the role of bHCG?
Stimulates the corpus luteum in the ovary to produce progesterone to maintain pregnancy
72
What is 5-HIAA? What is the role?
Serotonin; regulates memory, mood, cardiovascular systems, bone resorption, coagulation
73
What are increased levels of 5-HIAA in urine associated with?
Cancers or carcinoid syndrome
74
What are the four F's in hypothalamus function?
Fighting
Fleeing
Feeding
Fornication
75
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Regulates body temp, thirst, appetite, emotions, sleep cycles, blood pressure, heart rate, body fluids, and sex drive
76
What 2 hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?
ADH and oxytocin
77
What are the 3 zones of the pituitary?
Anterior (produces stimulating hormones) AKA adenohypophysis
intermediate
posterior (ADH and oxytocin) AKA neurohypophysis
78
Tropic vs direct hormones
Tropic: specific to activate another endocrine gland (GH, LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH)
Direct: target cells or tissue of the blood directly (Prolactin and GH)
79
T/F: GH is both a tropic and direct hormone.
True
80
What is GH also known as?
Somatotropin
81
What is GH inhibited by?
Somatostatin
82
What is the preferred GH testing in children?
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
83
How is growth hormone tested with glucose? Interpret results
Oral glucose test -
In normal patients GH will decrease after administration of glucose
In acromegaly GH will not decrease; may increase
84
What if GH is increased due to a pituitary tumor in children? Post puberty?
Children - gigantism
Post puberty - acromegaly
85
What is acromegaly?
Increased GH
86
How is prolaction regulated?
Inhibited by prolaction inhibitory factor (PIF)
Increased by dopamine
87
When is ADH increased?
Plasma osmolality increase
Blood pressure decrease
88
What happens if ADH is too high? Too low?
ADH too high: hyponatremia, low electrolyes
ADH too low: diabetes insipidus
89
What is diabetes insipidus? Differentiate between neurogeneic DI and nephrogenic DI
Low ADH causing excessive water loss in urine leading to polydipsia and polyphagia
Neurogenic: decreased ADH production due to pituitary problem
Nephrogenic: decreased ADH due to lack of renal response
90
Would free water clearance be high or low in DI?
High (positive) due to excessive water loss
91
How does the loss of tropic hormones compare to the loss of direct hormones?
Loss of tropic hormones is more dramatic/immediate
Loss of direct hormones is more insidious, slow, chronic
92
What is Kallman's syndrome?
Male with decreased FSH and LH and sexual libido
93
What would be increased/decreased in hypoaldosteronism?
Decreased salt
Increased potassium
94
What would be increased/decreased in hyperaldosteronism?
Increased salt
Decreased potassium
95
What is the precursor for all steroid hormones?
Cholesterol
96
What does an increase in androgens cause in males/females?
Increased hair, voice deepening, acne, etc
97
What is congenital or acquired adrenal hyperplasia?
Decreased cortisol activity due to enzymatic losses of 21 hydroxylase
98
What is Conn syndrome?
Excessive aldosterone that increases sodium and volume retention in the blood that causes hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and increased risk for stroke
99
Diagnosis of Conn Syndrome?
Increased PAC and Increased PAC:PRA ratio = primary aldosteronism
100
When are peak cortisol levels? Trough?
Peak - 6 to 8am
Trough - 11pm/12am
101
What is Addison's Disease?
Decreased cortisol and aldosterone
102
What is Cushing syndrome vs Cushing disease?
Cushing disease = increased cortisol due to a direct pituitary problem such as a tumor
Cushing Syndrome = increased cortisol due to a reason other than ACTH being increased (not due to the pituitary)
103
What does Cushings disease/syndrome cause in patients?
Buffalo hump/moon face due to neck and face fat deposition
104
What can dexamethasone testing help with? Interpret results.
Differentiate secondary etiology of hypercortisolism:
Pituitary causes are partially resistant to DST (partial to full supression)
Ectopic tumor causes are fully resistant to DST (no suppression)
105
What is DST?
Dextamethasone suppression testing - structually similar to cortisol so the body should act as if cortisol is present
106
If ACTH levels are high after high dose DST, what is the interpretation?
There was no suppression of ACTH, meaning the hypercortisolism is due to a non-pituitary related reason such as an ectopic tumor.
107
If ACTH levels are low after high dose DST, what is the interpretation?
There was 50% or greater suppression meaning the secondary hypercortisolism is due to the pituitary directly because ACTH was affected. This is Cushing's disease.
108
Function of Catecholamines
Function in stress and fight or flight responses of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
109
What is Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma?
Catecholamine producing tumors from chromaffin cells
Pheochromocytoma = located within adrenal medulla
Paraganglioma = located within the neural ganglia of the CNS
110
Role of ACTH
Regulates cortisol and androgen production
111
Role of TSH
Tropic hormone to regulate T4 production
112
What is PCT?
Prohormone to calcitonin (which decreases calcium)
113
What is the role of thyroxine?
Activate metabolism and increase the basal metabolic rate
