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Chemistry > Exam 7: Endocrine system/hormones > Flashcards

Exam 7: Endocrine system/hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of hormone is GH? What organ secretes it?

A

Peptide hormone; Anterior pituitary

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2
Q

What type of hormone is LH? What organ secretes it?

A

Glycoprotein; Anterior pituitary

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3
Q

What type of hormone is FSH? What organ secretes it?

A

Glycoprotein; Anterior pituitary

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4
Q

What type of hormone is TSH? What organ secretes it?

A

Glycoprotein; Anterior pituitary

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5
Q

What type of hormone is ACTH? What organ secretes it?

A

Protein; anterior pituitary

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6
Q

What type of hormone is PRL? What organ secretes it?

A

Peptide; anterior pituitary

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7
Q

What type of hormone is ADH (Vasopressin)? What organ secretes it?

A

Peptide; posterior pituitary

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8
Q

What type of hormone is Calcitonin? What organ secretes it?

A

Protein; C-cells of thyroid

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9
Q

What type of hormone is PCT? What organ secretes it?

A

Peptide; parafollicular c-cells of thyroid

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10
Q

What type of hormone is PTH? What organ secretes it?

A

Peptide; parathyroid cells

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11
Q

What type of hormone is Insulin? What organ secretes it?

A

Protein; beta cells of the pancreas

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12
Q

What type of hormone is Glucagon? What organ secretes it?

A

Protein; alpha cells of the pancreas

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13
Q

What type of hormone is Gastrin? What organ secretes it?

A

Peptide; G cells of the pyloric antrum of the stomach

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14
Q

What type of hormone is Secretin? What organ secretes it?

A

Peptide; S cells of the duodenum

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15
Q

What type of hormone is bHCG? What organ secretes it?

A

Peptide; Syncytiotrophoblast cells of the placenta

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16
Q

What type of hormone is Cortisol? What organ secretes it?

A

Steroid hormone (glucocorticoid); Zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex

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17
Q

What type of hormone is Aldosterone? What organ secretes it?

A

Steroid (mineralcorticoid); Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

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18
Q

What type of hormone is Testosterone? What organ secretes it?

A

Steroid; Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

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19
Q

What type of hormone is DHEA? What organ secretes it?

A

Steroid; Zone reticularis of the adrenal cortex

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20
Q

What type of hormone is Progesterone? What organ secretes it?

A

Steroid; Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex , gonads, and corpus luteum of pregnancy in the ovary

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21
Q

What type of hormone is Estrogen? What organ secretes it?

A

Steroid; Zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex

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22
Q

What type of hormone is Catecholamine? What organ secretes it?

A

Amine neurotransmitter; Adrenal medulla

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23
Q

What hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus?

A

Releasing hormones

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24
Q

What hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland?

A

Stimulating hormones

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25
Q

What type of hormones are hydrophillic, fast-acting, and have very short half lives?

A

Amine/peptide/protein hormones

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26
Q

What type of hormones are hydrophobic, slow to act, but have very long half lives?

A

Steroid hormones

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27
Q

Endocrine vs exocrine hormones

A

Endocrine: sent long distances through blood
Exocrine: secreted outside of the body

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28
Q

What type of hormone is T3/T4? Where are they secreted from?

A

Amine; thyroid gland

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29
Q

What type of hormone is oxytocin? Where is it secreted from?

A

Peptide protein; posterior pituitary gland

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30
Q

What is a glycoprotein hormone?

A

Proteins conjugated with carbohydrates

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31
Q

True or False: steroid hormones can freely pass the plasma membrane

A

TRUE

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32
Q

What are fatty acid hormones derived from?

A

Arachidonic acid

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33
Q

What happens to lipid proteins if albumin is decreased? What disease is this?

A

Lipid proteins are decreased since albumin is their carrier protein. This is liver disease/cirrhosis

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34
Q

How do hormones travel in the body if they are steroidal?

A

Bound to carrier proteins such as albumin but can freely pass the plasma membrane

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35
Q

How do hormones travel in the body if they are peptide/protein?

A

Peptides - bind channel protein receptors to enter plasma membrane
Protein - can cross membrane freely

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36
Q

What are micellar bodies?

A

Natural, amphipathic lipids that self assemble into small spherical structures for short term travel through aqueous environments

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37
Q

What are the predominant organs for eliminating hormones from the blood?

A

Kidneys and liver

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38
Q

Negative vs positive feedback loop and which hormones are positive feedback

A

Negative feedback: as more product is made, earlier steps in the process are decreased after detection of enough product

Positive feedback: product increases production of itself to make more and more (OXYTOCIN)

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39
Q

Common hormones that are associated with high stress level:

A

Aldosterone, cortisol, catecholamines, growth hormone, prolactin

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40
Q

What is diurnal variation? What is an example of a hormone that exhibits diurnal variation?

A

Fluctuations of hormones based on changes to light/dark (day/night) due to our “biological clocks” –> ACTH (Cortisol) and melatonin

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41
Q

Environmental/Extrinsic factors that affect hormone levels:

A

Diurnal variation, Menstruation, Menopause, Diet and food, Drugs

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42
Q

What hormones are affected and how during menopause?

A

Estrogen levels from the ovaries are decreased and FSH and LH levels are consistently elevated

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43
Q

What is the relationship between GH and Glucose?

A

INVERSE RELATIONSHIP
Increased glucose levels inhibit GH
Decreased glucose levels increase GH

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44
Q

How is ADH regulated in the body and what is its function?

A

Function: increase water retention
Regulated by the RAAS system and baroreceptors in the right atrium of the heart (BNP shuts off RAAS pathway to decrease blood volume)

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45
Q

What is methimazole?

A

Treats hyperthyroidism by stopping thyroid hormone synthesis

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46
Q

What is the relationship between cortisol and glucose?

A

Increased cortisol = increased blood glucose

47
Q

What hormones does the pancreas release?

A

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

48
Q

What hormones does the ovary release?

A

Estrogen/progesterone

49
Q

What hormones does the thyroid/parathyroid release?

A

T3, T4, calcitonin, PTH

50
Q

What is T3 AKA? What is T4 AKA?

A

T3: Triiodothyronine
T4: Thyroxine

51
Q

What would levels be of T3/T4/TSH/TRH in primary hypothyroidism?

A

Decreased T3/T4
Increased TSH
Increased TRH
Direct organ problem

52
Q

What would levels be of T3/T4/TSH/TRH in secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Decreased T3/T4
Decreased TSH
Increased TRH
Pituitary problem

53
Q

What would levels be of T3/T4/TSH/TRH in teritiary hypothyroidism?

A

Decreased T3/T4
Decreased TSH
Decreased TRH
Hypothalamus problem

54
Q

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex and what type of hormones are secreted from each of them and their names?

A

From OUTER to INNER:
Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis: makes sex androgens and DHEA

55
Q

Function of FSH in males and females

A

Males: stimulates spermatogenesis
Females: stimulates ovarian follicle to produce egg

56
Q

Function of LH in males and females:

A

Males: stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
Females: works w/ estrogen as a positive feedback loop to drive ovulation

57
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete to stimulate FSH/LH from pituitary gland?

A

GnRH

58
Q

Role of prolactin

A

Lactation and mammary gland development

59
Q

Function of progesterone:

A

Induces proliferation and growth of endometrial lining of the uterus; deficiencies are associated w/ infertility

60
Q

Function of estrogen:

A

Promotes the development breasts, uterine/vaginal development

61
Q

Where are catecholamines made and examples of some?

A

Adrenal medulla; dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

61
Q

Where are catecholamines made and examples of some?

A

Adrenal medulla; dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

62
Q

Is T3 or T4 in higher amount? Which is more metabolically active?

A

T4 is in higher amount; T3 is more metabolically active

63
Q

S&S associated with hyperthyroidism vs hypothyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism: weight loss, increased metabolism, tachycardia, heat intolerance
Hypothyroidism: weight gain, lowered metabolism, cold intolerance, edema, constipation

64
Q

Role of oxytocin

A

Lactation, intrauterine contraction, orgasms

65
Q

Role of calcitonin

A

Regulates blood calcium (DECREASES blood calcium to increase bone calcium)

66
Q

Role of parathyroid hormone

A

Regulates blood calcium (INCREASES blood calcium levels - antagonistic to calcitonin)

67
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

Decrease blood glucose

68
Q

DM type 1 vs DM type 2

A

type 1: autoimmune disorder caused by destruction of beta cells that can no longer produce insulin

type 2: cells no longer respond to insulin due to increased blood glucose for so long correlated w/ obesity and sedentary lifestyle

69
Q

Role of gastrin and secretin?

A

Regulate acid-base balances of the stomach content as food moves through

70
Q

Role of glucagon?

A

Increase blood glucose by inhibiting glycolysis/glycogenesis (breakdown of glucose) and enhancing glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis (production of glucose)

71
Q

What is the role of bHCG?

A

Stimulates the corpus luteum in the ovary to produce progesterone to maintain pregnancy

72
Q

What is 5-HIAA? What is the role?

A

Serotonin; regulates memory, mood, cardiovascular systems, bone resorption, coagulation

73
Q

What are increased levels of 5-HIAA in urine associated with?

A

Cancers or carcinoid syndrome

74
Q

What are the four F’s in hypothalamus function?

A

Fighting
Fleeing
Feeding
Fornication

75
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates body temp, thirst, appetite, emotions, sleep cycles, blood pressure, heart rate, body fluids, and sex drive

76
Q

What 2 hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH and oxytocin

77
Q

What are the 3 zones of the pituitary?

A

Anterior (produces stimulating hormones) AKA adenohypophysis
intermediate
posterior (ADH and oxytocin) AKA neurohypophysis

78
Q

Tropic vs direct hormones

A

Tropic: specific to activate another endocrine gland (GH, LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH)

Direct: target cells or tissue of the blood directly (Prolactin and GH)

79
Q

T/F: GH is both a tropic and direct hormone.

A

True

80
Q

What is GH also known as?

A

Somatotropin

81
Q

What is GH inhibited by?

A

Somatostatin

82
Q

What is the preferred GH testing in children?

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

83
Q

How is growth hormone tested with glucose? Interpret results

A

Oral glucose test -
In normal patients GH will decrease after administration of glucose
In acromegaly GH will not decrease; may increase

84
Q

What if GH is increased due to a pituitary tumor in children? Post puberty?

A

Children - gigantism
Post puberty - acromegaly

85
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Increased GH

86
Q

How is prolaction regulated?

A

Inhibited by prolaction inhibitory factor (PIF)
Increased by dopamine

87
Q

When is ADH increased?

A

Plasma osmolality increase
Blood pressure decrease

88
Q

What happens if ADH is too high? Too low?

A

ADH too high: hyponatremia, low electrolyes
ADH too low: diabetes insipidus

89
Q

What is diabetes insipidus? Differentiate between neurogeneic DI and nephrogenic DI

A

Low ADH causing excessive water loss in urine leading to polydipsia and polyphagia
Neurogenic: decreased ADH production due to pituitary problem
Nephrogenic: decreased ADH due to lack of renal response

90
Q

Would free water clearance be high or low in DI?

A

High (positive) due to excessive water loss

91
Q

How does the loss of tropic hormones compare to the loss of direct hormones?

A

Loss of tropic hormones is more dramatic/immediate
Loss of direct hormones is more insidious, slow, chronic

92
Q

What is Kallman’s syndrome?

A

Male with decreased FSH and LH and sexual libido

93
Q

What would be increased/decreased in hypoaldosteronism?

A

Decreased salt
Increased potassium

94
Q

What would be increased/decreased in hyperaldosteronism?

A

Increased salt
Decreased potassium

95
Q

What is the precursor for all steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

96
Q

What does an increase in androgens cause in males/females?

A

Increased hair, voice deepening, acne, etc

97
Q

What is congenital or acquired adrenal hyperplasia?

A

Decreased cortisol activity due to enzymatic losses of 21 hydroxylase

98
Q

What is Conn syndrome?

A

Excessive aldosterone that increases sodium and volume retention in the blood that causes hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and increased risk for stroke

99
Q

Diagnosis of Conn Syndrome?

A

Increased PAC and Increased PAC:PRA ratio = primary aldosteronism

100
Q

When are peak cortisol levels? Trough?

A

Peak - 6 to 8am
Trough - 11pm/12am

101
Q

What is Addison’s Disease?

A

Decreased cortisol and aldosterone

102
Q

What is Cushing syndrome vs Cushing disease?

A

Cushing disease = increased cortisol due to a direct pituitary problem such as a tumor

Cushing Syndrome = increased cortisol due to a reason other than ACTH being increased (not due to the pituitary)

103
Q

What does Cushings disease/syndrome cause in patients?

A

Buffalo hump/moon face due to neck and face fat deposition

104
Q

What can dexamethasone testing help with? Interpret results.

A

Differentiate secondary etiology of hypercortisolism:
Pituitary causes are partially resistant to DST (partial to full supression)
Ectopic tumor causes are fully resistant to DST (no suppression)

105
Q

What is DST?

A

Dextamethasone suppression testing - structually similar to cortisol so the body should act as if cortisol is present

106
Q

If ACTH levels are high after high dose DST, what is the interpretation?

A

There was no suppression of ACTH, meaning the hypercortisolism is due to a non-pituitary related reason such as an ectopic tumor.

107
Q

If ACTH levels are low after high dose DST, what is the interpretation?

A

There was 50% or greater suppression meaning the secondary hypercortisolism is due to the pituitary directly because ACTH was affected. This is Cushing’s disease.

108
Q

Function of Catecholamines

A

Function in stress and fight or flight responses of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

109
Q

What is Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma?

A

Catecholamine producing tumors from chromaffin cells
Pheochromocytoma = located within adrenal medulla
Paraganglioma = located within the neural ganglia of the CNS

110
Q

Role of ACTH

A

Regulates cortisol and androgen production

111
Q

Role of TSH

A

Tropic hormone to regulate T4 production

112
Q

What is PCT?

A

Prohormone to calcitonin (which decreases calcium)

113
Q

What is the role of thyroxine?

A

Activate metabolism and increase the basal metabolic rate

Chemistry (12 decks)

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