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Psya02 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Habituation-dishabituation

A

Habituation-dishabituation can be used with infants to better understand what they know or what they perceive. Habituation consists of familiarizing infants to a stimulus until they grow uninterested. Dishabituation consists of changing the stimulus to see whether infants will regain interest.

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2
Q

According to Piaget, during which stage do children begin to understand that human behaviour is guided by mental representations and that these mental representations differ across individuals?

A

preoperation 2-6

theory of mind

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3
Q

concrete

A

6-12

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4
Q

formal operational

A

12+

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5
Q

Maslovs

A

psyological neeeds > safety> belonging and friends> esteem > self actualisation

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6
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulsive into better onies

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7
Q

validtiy scale question

A

This is a classic example of a validity scale question. Most typical humans should answer “True” to this question unless they are lying.

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8
Q

Jonathan’s mother ingested a teratogenic substance when she was pregnant with him, resulting in major structural abnormalities in Jonathan’s central nervous system. Approximately how old was Jonathan when this teratogenic substance was ingested?

A

Teratogens affect prenatal development in cascading sensitive periods. Depending on when a teratogenic substance is experienced, different embryonic structures will be affected.

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9
Q

Accomodate

A

to significantly change schema

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10
Q

assimilate

A

to add to schema

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11
Q

Noah is 5 years old and is in Piaget’s preoperational stage. Noah believes that a taller, narrower cup contains more juice than a shorter, wider cup, even though they both contain the same amount of juice. This behaviour reflects Noah’s lack of understanding of _________.

A

The inability to manipulate abstract information is shown by testing a child’s understanding of conservation, the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object.

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12
Q

Nancy’s parents are both highly sociable people and love to talk to people. However, Nancy herself is very reserved and prefers to spend time by herself. How can this be explained?

A

Partially from experience partially from genetics

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13
Q

A worker is taking a personality test for a job he is interviewing for. The job requires that the worker be a good team player. While taking the test he answers questions in a way that presents himself to be agreeable and cooperative. What criticism of personality inventories does this reflect?

A

bias

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14
Q

theory of mind

A

box of stickers containg trucks. 3 yr old will say expect trucks 8 year old will say stoclers

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15
Q

Trait approach

A

biological

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16
Q

social cognitive

A

learning based off theories and constructs and expectation

Outcome expectancies is part of personality

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17
Q

behaviorist

A

conditioning

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18
Q

longitudal design

A

participants over time 10.1

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19
Q

Humanist

A

Humanist approaches have a positive, optimistic view of human nature and believe that humans have free will. They believe that humans seek self-actualization and can affect their own personalities via the choices that they make to achieve such a state.

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20
Q

cohort effect

A

Cohort effects refer to differences between people that result from being born in different time periods.

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21
Q

A researcher is interested in understanding what type of personality traits are highly correlated with conduct disorders. The researcher decides to measure the personality trait extraversion in relation to conduct disorders. What type of personality measurement approach is this researcher taking?

A

The nomothetic approach attempts to understand what personality factors are relevant to understanding whole populations of people.

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22
Q

Annabeth is undergoing a lot of physical changes. Her brain is developing rapidly, with new neurons being built at a fast pace and new connections between those neurons growing quickly. She has also just recently begun to perceive rich auditory information, including the sound of her mother’s voice, and she has developed a fairly routine active-rest cycle. Approximately how old is Annabeth? DDO

A

The germinal stage is the first phase of prenatal development, which spans from conception to two weeks. Shortly after it forms, the zygote begins dividing, first into 2 cells, then 4, and so forth. The fetal stage spans week 9 through birth, during which time the skeletal, organ, and nervous systems become more developed and specialized. Muscles develop and the fetus begins to move. Brain development occurs rapidly, and the sensory organs begin to sense stimulation from inside and outside the uterus.

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23
Q

crosssectional design

A

is used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages

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24
Q

operant conditioning

A

skinners box, positive or negative stimulus

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25
Q

classical conditional

A

association

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26
Q

personality and behaviour

A

he correlation between personality and behaviour is not all that high
➢ E.g., introverted people do not actually spend much more time alone than extraverted
people do

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27
Q

repression

A

ignoring

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28
Q

rationalization

A

Distort facts to make it easier

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29
Q

reaction formation

A

This is where a person goes beyond denial and behaves in the opposite way to which he or she thinks or feels (A. Freud, 1936). By using the reaction formation, the id is satisfied while keeping the ego in ignorance of the true motives.

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30
Q

projection

A

attriubte their own things to others

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31
Q

regression

A

move back in time psychologically

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32
Q

displacement

A

another target eg dog instead ofboss

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33
Q

identification

A

stockholm syndrome

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34
Q

sublimation

A

satisfyin gimpulse into something positive

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35
Q

projective test

A

apperception test. Shown an amibgious scene make up a story about the scene

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36
Q

germinal

A

0-2zygote goes through tubes ,cells divide

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37
Q

embryonic

A

2-8 zygot implants and begins to differentialte

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38
Q

fetal

A

9-40 stuff develops

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39
Q

tertogens

A

timing changes structures: fetal alcohol changes

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40
Q

grasping

A

will grap anthing

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41
Q

rooting

A

if something touches side of baby head, theyll turn it

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42
Q

tonic neck

A

arm extends on side head isturned

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43
Q

adolescence

A

puberty and refinement of prefrontal cortex. Pschologically: identity sexuality, morality and self esteem

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44
Q

identity in earliy childhood

A

superficial, like things they like, self enhancement to try new things. KIMBA. For resileance to do. declines due to social comparison

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45
Q

changes in self esteem

A

stable across lifespan,

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46
Q

identity formation

A

erik erikson: developed theory of conflicts and resolution. Teenage conflic is identtiy formation and abstract thinking. Sself socialization.

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47
Q

adulthood

A

sensory systems decline, neuron death. slwoing of cognitive processes. Better cognitive strategy. lose episodic memory

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48
Q

intelligence predicts what

A

academic, economi and occupational success. but stadnerdized test only apeal to learning/knowledge. Also this has selfperpetuating problems

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49
Q

IQ influences

A

Genetics. family environment from parental involvement, stimulation. Negatively correlated with low maternal education and poorness

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50
Q

less important influenceseducation

A

education changes factual knowledge and slight fluid. etc

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51
Q

past ways of inteligent testing

A

reaction time viable, sight (not true), speed of association, head size

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52
Q

Alfred binet

A

first iq test from puzzles object naming and counting

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53
Q

Modern intelligence views

A

carrols three tiered, G which comes from fluid and crystallized and due to speicifc abilities

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54
Q

Gardners intelligence

A

lingustic, logical, musical, nature, body, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal.
Evidence:
Different areas at different time, differnt parts of brain, kids learn best from intelligence used

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55
Q

measuring intelligence

A

through WISC and WAIC Adult and children
specific abilities
standofr binet
IQ is mean of 100 with sd of 15. Different test for each age

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56
Q

does intelligence test work

A

short term reliabilitTest retest is good
Long ter m reliabilty
Doest really predict future

57
Q

flynn effect

A

IQ scores inrease due to: more education more info and more nutrition. Prevelent in poor and lower iq areas

58
Q

Flynn continue?

A

no due to limit on intellignce. top is growing so

59
Q

emotional intelligence

A

define as the ability to reason about emotions and use emotions to enhance reasoning, and the management and detection of emotions

60
Q

what is emotion

A

neural responses, subjective feelings, pysiological responses, cogntiive responses. HAs dimensions of valence and intesitity

61
Q

Theories of emotion

A

three componenets of emotion:

perception of stimulus, physiological state, cognitive interpretation of the stimulus.

62
Q

james lagne

A

stimuluse triggers physiological triggers emotion

63
Q

cannon bard

A

experience physiological state and emotional state at the same time

64
Q

two factor

A

stimulus triggers physiological state and brain interprets t hat state

65
Q

two tracks of emotion

A

Fast
fear stimulus: thalmus -> amygdala> emotion
Thinking
Fear -> thalmus > ensory cortex > prefrontal cortex> realize whats actually si going on

66
Q

6 month emotiona lregulation

A

self soothing, imitate what parents do, gaze aversion

67
Q

adult emotion regulation

A

pysiological and cognitive strategies, distraction, surpression, affect labeling ,reapprasial.

68
Q

darwins proposal

A

facial expressions are universal, based on evolution

facial feedback hypothesis feedback on emotion

69
Q

deveptive expression

A 
intensification, deintensitication, masking, neutralizing
fake emotons:
morpholoy and assymetric
facial ones are longer
temporal patterning:
microexpressions
70
Q

social psychology

A

reproduction, altruism, cooperation, aggresion. Humans are ultrasocial

71
Q

frustration aggresion

A

animal aggresses when their desires are frustrated. Organism a is frustrated for food by b so attacks b. Humans are capable of aggresing due to annoy

72
Q

predictors of aggresion

A

testosterone lowers threat assesments.

73
Q

group cognition,

A

changes way we think, cooperation is less risky

74
Q

common knowledge effect

A

group discussion on knowledge everyone solves

75
Q

group polarization

A

groups make decisons more extreme than a single member would make (same beliefs)

76
Q

groupthink

A

consensus are reached easily

77
Q

deindiviualization

A

less worried with personal vlaues

78
Q

diffusion of responsiblity

A

lesss responsiblity

79
Q

altruism

A

benifit others. Kinship altruism and reciprical altruism.

80
Q

mere exposure effect

A

time makes people more attracted to each other

81
Q

two motivations for socail influence

A

hedonic: get stuff for work. Can backfire: rewarded for drawing vs no reward.
Approval: for others to like us

82
Q

normative influence

A

conform to other peoples

83
Q

asch expriment

A

wrong answers given by group, 75% of participents fell in

84
Q

milgram

A

electric shocks: due to authority

85
Q

Health psychology

A

relationship between physical and psychological health

86
Q

stress

A

the physical and psychological response to external stressors

87
Q

stressors

A

acute/chronic processors which place demand n a person or threaten well being

88
Q

holmes and rahe stress scale

A

asked to report stressful events.

89
Q

college undergra schedule

A

assigning points to various stressful life events

90
Q

glass and singer test

A

placed into room people with silence or control performed well on task. People without control did not. Perceved control affects stress

91
Q

long term stress effects

A

less gray matter, more tv, heart disesase

92
Q

repeated long term stressors change us

A

increased heart respiration rate, more cortisol

93
Q

general adaption syndrome

A

alarm phase, resistence phase,: adapts to stress shuts down non stress
exhaustion body cannot cope with out processes being take down

94
Q

stress and immunoresponse

A

shuts down.: high stress means less ability to fight off. people with leisons healed slower when stressed

95
Q

Type a

A

detail oriented, impatient, hostile, urgent, competitive.

96
Q

appraisal

A

primary appraisial wheter something is stressful, can you handle it

97
Q

coping

A

repressive: avoiding things that remind us of it
Rational coping: facing a strugle and working to overcome it
reframing changing the way you thing about stress

98
Q

meditation

A

increases myelintation and connectivity

99
Q

relaxation

A

concously do nothing

100
Q

exercise

A

aerobic reduces stress:

Causation has been determined due to increase in serotonin and endorphin production

101
Q

somatic symptyom disorder

A

anxiety can increase symptoms

102
Q

mental disorder

A

persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment

103
Q

medical model

A

abnormal psychological experiences are classified as illnesses with biological causes

104
Q

biopsychological model

A

abnormal phsycological expereinces are illnesses with biological, psychological and social causes

105
Q

psychopathology

A

study of mental disorders

106
Q

2 main classification systems

A

ICD10: all in one book by WHO Outside of NA
DSM5
American psycicatric association by americans

107
Q

dsm5

A

22 catergories
chareticistsc to diagnosis
Include 3:
-signifigicant distress/ affect to functioning
-cannot be attributed to substances or medical conditions
-cannot be better describe by another

Charetherised by
onset> prognosis > risk factors > comobidirty ( what else is likely)

108
Q

anxiety disorders

A

anxiety is fear without threat

109
Q

maladaptive

A

reduces fitness for survival

110
Q

12 anxiety disorders

A

generalized, phobic or panic disorders

111
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

anxiety for more days than not for 6 months about more than 1 event:

112
Q

hedonism

A

states that all human motivation is pain avoiding and pleasure seeking

113
Q

why is human expression universal

A

Darwin believed that emotional expressions had as their evolutionary purpose the approach/avoidance of positive/negative stimuli. Disgust, for example, is characterized by closing of sensory organs (nose, mouth, eyes) to avoid harmful stimuli.

114
Q

Which of the following behaviours is most likely extrinsically motivated?

A

Extrinsic motivation involves taking into account future consequences or benefits of a behaviour. Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in a behaviour that is immediately gratifying.

115
Q

carrols’ intelligence view

A

According to Carroll, intelligence consists of three tiers. At the top is general intelligence (g), followed by basic intelligence (e.g., crystallized and fluid intelligence), and finally specific abilities (e.g., perception, generalization, problem solving)

116
Q

Jenny’s mother has just given her a pair of new socks for Christmas. Jenny thinks that the socks are very ugly. But she doesn’t want to offend her mother, so she smiles widely and thanks her. Which of the following characteristics of Jenny’s smile might indicate that she is faking it?

A

The left side of Jenny’s smile is higher than the right side is.

117
Q

different stimuli iq test

A

Galton’s anthropometric approach used sensory tests to determine how accurately people perceived stimuli, which he believed was a direct measure of their intelligence.

118
Q

motivations for the sex

A

From “Psychological Measures of Sexual Motivation”: Physical, personal, and social factors underlie sexual sexual motivation. Reproduction ranked very far down the list

119
Q

sternbergs practical intelligence

A

seeing and navigating the world

120
Q

Which of the following are the ways that optimism can lead to a reduction in negative health symptoms?

A

More optimistic people tend to adhere better to physicians’ instructions than do less optimistic people.
More optimistic people tend to have more social contact during illness than less optimistic people do.

More optimistic people tend to have more energy for physical activity than less optimistic people do.

121
Q

what is normative influence

A

Normative influence refers to the way norms within a specific environment shapes our behaviours and actions. Norms are obeyed religiously since they make people more likable.

122
Q

Joseph needs to write a difficult history exam in the morning, and play in an easy golf tournament in the afternoon. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Model, Joseph’s performance would be enhanced for his history exam if his arousal was ________, and would perform best for his golf tournament if his arousal was ________.

A

Robert Yerkes and John Dodson theorized that too little or too much stress or emotional arousal would both lead to sub-optimal performance. Individuals would be at their best when under a moderate amount of stress. See Fig. 14.5: Performance is related to at least two critical factors- the difficulty of the task and the level of arousal/ stress while it is being performed. For easy tasks, moderately high arousal helps; for difficult tasks, lower levels of arousal are optimal.

123
Q

Joseph needs to write a difficult history exam in the morning, and play in an easy golf tournament in the afternoon. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Model, Joseph’s performance would be enhanced for his history exam if his arousal was ________, and would perform best for his golf tournament if his arousal was ________.

A

Robert Yerkes and John Dodson theorized that too little or too much stress or emotional arousal would both lead to sub-optimal performance. Individuals would be at their best when under a moderate amount of stress. See Fig. 14.5: Performance is related to at least two critical factors- the difficulty of the task and the level of arousal/ stress while it is being performed. For easy tasks, moderately high arousal helps; for difficult tasks, lower levels of arousal are optimal.

124
Q

vassopressive levels

A

Fig. 14.8: Relationship quality is related to physiological responses. Higher oxytocin and vasopressin levels are associated with positive social interactions between married couples.

125
Q

In a well-known study, an attractive female researcher approached men near the Capilano Suspension Bridge in North Vancouver. She asked them to participate in her research, and then gave the men her phone number so that they could call her and ask for more information about her work. Which of the following statements best characterizes the results of that study?

A

Humans tend to be more attracted to individuals whom they meet in highly arousing situations, even if the arousal is negative.

126
Q

Which of the following statements about the sickness response is FALSE?

A

The sickness response can be activated by physical illness, such as influenza, as well as by psychological problems, such as depression or anxiety.

127
Q

According to the Holmes and Rahe stress scale, who is most likely to develop an illness in the near future?

A

According to the stress scale, certain events are more likely to cause high levels of stress than others. Not all stressful events are “bad”. Some, like marriage, are often considered “good”, but are still stressful.

128
Q

Mary is a heterosexual woman introduced to a group of heterosexual men at a singles event. After their first evening together, which of the following men is Mary most likely to want to go home with?

A

Physical attractiveness is the most important factor in attraction AT FIRST. Later, psychological attributes become more important. Since this is the first time Mary has met any of these men, physical attractiveness is the most important.

129
Q

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the most common stress scale used today. How did Holmes and Rahe construct their stress scale?

A

Holmes and Rahe collected patients’ self-reported stressors as well as their actual medical history.

130
Q

A group of psychology students are working together to solve a case study using a social psychology approach. However, all of the students specialize in behavioural neuroscience, not social psychology. One resulting risk of their cooperation could be:

A

The common knowledge effect leads to group discussions revolving around information that everyone shares. In this instance, although they are tasked with using a well-rounded approach, their backgrounds may limit them to approach the case from a limited point of view.

131
Q

less playing with markers due to prizes being given out

A

ost intrinsic motivation, gained extrinsic motivation

132
Q

social faciliation

A

Social facilitation occurs when one’s performance is affected by the presence of others. For example, Triplett (1898) found that cyclists ride faster when racing against each other than when trying to beat the clock.

133
Q

Pessimistic explanatory style

A

As a person with depression begins to emphasize negative, self-defeating, and self-critical thoughts, they develop a characteristic depressive or “pessimistic explanatory style”. A person’s explanatory style involves a set of cognitive habits that are important psychological precursors to depression. When faced with the inevitable negative events of life, people with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to make the worst of them (instead of making the best of them), so to speak.

134
Q

what is psychonaalysis

A

Psychoanalytic therapists often ask patients to engage in free recall or free speech, in which they discuss whatever comes to mind. In traditional psychoanalysis, the patient sits where they cannot see the therapist.

135
Q

transference

A

Transference invoves clients directing certain patterns or emotional experiences toward the therapsit, rather than the original person involved in the experiences.

136
Q

maladaptive

A

The best answer here is that anxiety is maladaptive when it interferes with normal functioning. If a person is facing legitimate future threats for an extended period of time, then it would be adaptive for anxiety to last longer than usual. Similarly, it may be adaptive for us to feel anxiety in certain social situations, if it prevents us from embarrassing ourselves or from doing something we know is wrong. Finally, although intense anxiety can trigger physiological responses, this can be warranted if it is proportional to the magnitude of the threat.

137
Q

ABC method of cognitive behavioural therapy.

A

activators beliefs conseuqneces

138
Q

negative vs positive symptoms

A

Negative symptoms are the ABSENCE of adaptive functioning. Positive symptoms are the PRESENCE of maladaptive functioning.

Psya02 (7 decks)

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