Exam Flashcards
Habituation-dishabituation
Habituation-dishabituation can be used with infants to better understand what they know or what they perceive. Habituation consists of familiarizing infants to a stimulus until they grow uninterested. Dishabituation consists of changing the stimulus to see whether infants will regain interest.
According to Piaget, during which stage do children begin to understand that human behaviour is guided by mental representations and that these mental representations differ across individuals?
preoperation 2-6
theory of mind
concrete
6-12
formal operational
12+
Maslovs
psyological neeeds > safety> belonging and friends> esteem > self actualisation
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulsive into better onies
validtiy scale question
This is a classic example of a validity scale question. Most typical humans should answer “True” to this question unless they are lying.
Jonathan’s mother ingested a teratogenic substance when she was pregnant with him, resulting in major structural abnormalities in Jonathan’s central nervous system. Approximately how old was Jonathan when this teratogenic substance was ingested?
Teratogens affect prenatal development in cascading sensitive periods. Depending on when a teratogenic substance is experienced, different embryonic structures will be affected.
Accomodate
to significantly change schema
assimilate
to add to schema
Noah is 5 years old and is in Piaget’s preoperational stage. Noah believes that a taller, narrower cup contains more juice than a shorter, wider cup, even though they both contain the same amount of juice. This behaviour reflects Noah’s lack of understanding of _________.
The inability to manipulate abstract information is shown by testing a child’s understanding of conservation, the knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object.
Nancy’s parents are both highly sociable people and love to talk to people. However, Nancy herself is very reserved and prefers to spend time by herself. How can this be explained?
Partially from experience partially from genetics
A worker is taking a personality test for a job he is interviewing for. The job requires that the worker be a good team player. While taking the test he answers questions in a way that presents himself to be agreeable and cooperative. What criticism of personality inventories does this reflect?
bias
theory of mind
box of stickers containg trucks. 3 yr old will say expect trucks 8 year old will say stoclers
Trait approach
biological
social cognitive
learning based off theories and constructs and expectation
Outcome expectancies is part of personality
behaviorist
conditioning
longitudal design
participants over time 10.1
Humanist
Humanist approaches have a positive, optimistic view of human nature and believe that humans have free will. They believe that humans seek self-actualization and can affect their own personalities via the choices that they make to achieve such a state.
cohort effect
Cohort effects refer to differences between people that result from being born in different time periods.
A researcher is interested in understanding what type of personality traits are highly correlated with conduct disorders. The researcher decides to measure the personality trait extraversion in relation to conduct disorders. What type of personality measurement approach is this researcher taking?
The nomothetic approach attempts to understand what personality factors are relevant to understanding whole populations of people.
Annabeth is undergoing a lot of physical changes. Her brain is developing rapidly, with new neurons being built at a fast pace and new connections between those neurons growing quickly. She has also just recently begun to perceive rich auditory information, including the sound of her mother’s voice, and she has developed a fairly routine active-rest cycle. Approximately how old is Annabeth? DDO
The germinal stage is the first phase of prenatal development, which spans from conception to two weeks. Shortly after it forms, the zygote begins dividing, first into 2 cells, then 4, and so forth. The fetal stage spans week 9 through birth, during which time the skeletal, organ, and nervous systems become more developed and specialized. Muscles develop and the fetus begins to move. Brain development occurs rapidly, and the sensory organs begin to sense stimulation from inside and outside the uterus.
crosssectional design
is used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages
operant conditioning
skinners box, positive or negative stimulus
classical conditional
association
personality and behaviour
he correlation between personality and behaviour is not all that high
➢ E.g., introverted people do not actually spend much more time alone than extraverted
people do
repression
ignoring
rationalization
Distort facts to make it easier
reaction formation
This is where a person goes beyond denial and behaves in the opposite way to which he or she thinks or feels (A. Freud, 1936). By using the reaction formation, the id is satisfied while keeping the ego in ignorance of the true motives.
projection
attriubte their own things to others
regression
move back in time psychologically
displacement
another target eg dog instead ofboss
identification
stockholm syndrome
sublimation
satisfyin gimpulse into something positive
projective test
apperception test. Shown an amibgious scene make up a story about the scene
germinal
0-2zygote goes through tubes ,cells divide
embryonic
2-8 zygot implants and begins to differentialte
fetal
9-40 stuff develops
tertogens
timing changes structures: fetal alcohol changes
grasping
will grap anthing
rooting
if something touches side of baby head, theyll turn it
tonic neck
arm extends on side head isturned
adolescence
puberty and refinement of prefrontal cortex. Pschologically: identity sexuality, morality and self esteem
identity in earliy childhood
superficial, like things they like, self enhancement to try new things. KIMBA. For resileance to do. declines due to social comparison
changes in self esteem
stable across lifespan,
identity formation
erik erikson: developed theory of conflicts and resolution. Teenage conflic is identtiy formation and abstract thinking. Sself socialization.
adulthood
sensory systems decline, neuron death. slwoing of cognitive processes. Better cognitive strategy. lose episodic memory
intelligence predicts what
academic, economi and occupational success. but stadnerdized test only apeal to learning/knowledge. Also this has selfperpetuating problems
IQ influences
Genetics. family environment from parental involvement, stimulation. Negatively correlated with low maternal education and poorness
less important influenceseducation
education changes factual knowledge and slight fluid. etc
past ways of inteligent testing
reaction time viable, sight (not true), speed of association, head size
Alfred binet
first iq test from puzzles object naming and counting
Modern intelligence views
carrols three tiered, G which comes from fluid and crystallized and due to speicifc abilities
Gardners intelligence
lingustic, logical, musical, nature, body, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal.
Evidence:
Different areas at different time, differnt parts of brain, kids learn best from intelligence used
measuring intelligence
through WISC and WAIC Adult and children
specific abilities
standofr binet
IQ is mean of 100 with sd of 15. Different test for each age
does intelligence test work
short term reliabilitTest retest is good
Long ter m reliabilty
Doest really predict future
flynn effect
IQ scores inrease due to: more education more info and more nutrition. Prevelent in poor and lower iq areas
Flynn continue?
no due to limit on intellignce. top is growing so
emotional intelligence
define as the ability to reason about emotions and use emotions to enhance reasoning, and the management and detection of emotions
what is emotion
neural responses, subjective feelings, pysiological responses, cogntiive responses. HAs dimensions of valence and intesitity
Theories of emotion
three componenets of emotion:
perception of stimulus, physiological state, cognitive interpretation of the stimulus.
james lagne
stimuluse triggers physiological triggers emotion
cannon bard
experience physiological state and emotional state at the same time
two factor
stimulus triggers physiological state and brain interprets t hat state
two tracks of emotion
Fast
fear stimulus: thalmus -> amygdala> emotion
Thinking
Fear -> thalmus > ensory cortex > prefrontal cortex> realize whats actually si going on
6 month emotiona lregulation
self soothing, imitate what parents do, gaze aversion
adult emotion regulation
pysiological and cognitive strategies, distraction, surpression, affect labeling ,reapprasial.
darwins proposal
facial expressions are universal, based on evolution
facial feedback hypothesis feedback on emotion
deveptive expression
intensification, deintensitication, masking, neutralizing fake emotons: morpholoy and assymetric facial ones are longer temporal patterning: microexpressions
social psychology
reproduction, altruism, cooperation, aggresion. Humans are ultrasocial
frustration aggresion
animal aggresses when their desires are frustrated. Organism a is frustrated for food by b so attacks b. Humans are capable of aggresing due to annoy
predictors of aggresion
testosterone lowers threat assesments.
group cognition,
changes way we think, cooperation is less risky
common knowledge effect
group discussion on knowledge everyone solves
group polarization
groups make decisons more extreme than a single member would make (same beliefs)
groupthink
consensus are reached easily
deindiviualization
less worried with personal vlaues
diffusion of responsiblity
lesss responsiblity
altruism
benifit others. Kinship altruism and reciprical altruism.
mere exposure effect
time makes people more attracted to each other
two motivations for socail influence
hedonic: get stuff for work. Can backfire: rewarded for drawing vs no reward.
Approval: for others to like us
normative influence
conform to other peoples
asch expriment
wrong answers given by group, 75% of participents fell in
milgram
electric shocks: due to authority
Health psychology
relationship between physical and psychological health
stress
the physical and psychological response to external stressors
stressors
acute/chronic processors which place demand n a person or threaten well being
holmes and rahe stress scale
asked to report stressful events.
college undergra schedule
assigning points to various stressful life events
glass and singer test
placed into room people with silence or control performed well on task. People without control did not. Perceved control affects stress
long term stress effects
less gray matter, more tv, heart disesase
repeated long term stressors change us
increased heart respiration rate, more cortisol
general adaption syndrome
alarm phase, resistence phase,: adapts to stress shuts down non stress
exhaustion body cannot cope with out processes being take down
stress and immunoresponse
shuts down.: high stress means less ability to fight off. people with leisons healed slower when stressed
Type a
detail oriented, impatient, hostile, urgent, competitive.
appraisal
primary appraisial wheter something is stressful, can you handle it
coping
repressive: avoiding things that remind us of it
Rational coping: facing a strugle and working to overcome it
reframing changing the way you thing about stress
meditation
increases myelintation and connectivity
relaxation
concously do nothing
exercise
aerobic reduces stress:
Causation has been determined due to increase in serotonin and endorphin production
somatic symptyom disorder
anxiety can increase symptoms
mental disorder
persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment
medical model
abnormal psychological experiences are classified as illnesses with biological causes
biopsychological model
abnormal phsycological expereinces are illnesses with biological, psychological and social causes
psychopathology
study of mental disorders
2 main classification systems
ICD10: all in one book by WHO Outside of NA
DSM5
American psycicatric association by americans
dsm5
22 catergories
chareticistsc to diagnosis
Include 3:
-signifigicant distress/ affect to functioning
-cannot be attributed to substances or medical conditions
-cannot be better describe by another
Charetherised by
onset> prognosis > risk factors > comobidirty ( what else is likely)
anxiety disorders
anxiety is fear without threat
maladaptive
reduces fitness for survival
12 anxiety disorders
generalized, phobic or panic disorders
generalized anxiety disorder
anxiety for more days than not for 6 months about more than 1 event:
hedonism
states that all human motivation is pain avoiding and pleasure seeking
why is human expression universal
Darwin believed that emotional expressions had as their evolutionary purpose the approach/avoidance of positive/negative stimuli. Disgust, for example, is characterized by closing of sensory organs (nose, mouth, eyes) to avoid harmful stimuli.
Which of the following behaviours is most likely extrinsically motivated?
Extrinsic motivation involves taking into account future consequences or benefits of a behaviour. Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in a behaviour that is immediately gratifying.
carrols’ intelligence view
According to Carroll, intelligence consists of three tiers. At the top is general intelligence (g), followed by basic intelligence (e.g., crystallized and fluid intelligence), and finally specific abilities (e.g., perception, generalization, problem solving)
Jenny’s mother has just given her a pair of new socks for Christmas. Jenny thinks that the socks are very ugly. But she doesn’t want to offend her mother, so she smiles widely and thanks her. Which of the following characteristics of Jenny’s smile might indicate that she is faking it?
The left side of Jenny’s smile is higher than the right side is.
different stimuli iq test
Galton’s anthropometric approach used sensory tests to determine how accurately people perceived stimuli, which he believed was a direct measure of their intelligence.
motivations for the sex
From “Psychological Measures of Sexual Motivation”: Physical, personal, and social factors underlie sexual sexual motivation. Reproduction ranked very far down the list
sternbergs practical intelligence
seeing and navigating the world
Which of the following are the ways that optimism can lead to a reduction in negative health symptoms?
More optimistic people tend to adhere better to physicians’ instructions than do less optimistic people.
More optimistic people tend to have more social contact during illness than less optimistic people do.
More optimistic people tend to have more energy for physical activity than less optimistic people do.
what is normative influence
Normative influence refers to the way norms within a specific environment shapes our behaviours and actions. Norms are obeyed religiously since they make people more likable.
Joseph needs to write a difficult history exam in the morning, and play in an easy golf tournament in the afternoon. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Model, Joseph’s performance would be enhanced for his history exam if his arousal was ________, and would perform best for his golf tournament if his arousal was ________.
Robert Yerkes and John Dodson theorized that too little or too much stress or emotional arousal would both lead to sub-optimal performance. Individuals would be at their best when under a moderate amount of stress. See Fig. 14.5: Performance is related to at least two critical factors- the difficulty of the task and the level of arousal/ stress while it is being performed. For easy tasks, moderately high arousal helps; for difficult tasks, lower levels of arousal are optimal.
Joseph needs to write a difficult history exam in the morning, and play in an easy golf tournament in the afternoon. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Model, Joseph’s performance would be enhanced for his history exam if his arousal was ________, and would perform best for his golf tournament if his arousal was ________.
Robert Yerkes and John Dodson theorized that too little or too much stress or emotional arousal would both lead to sub-optimal performance. Individuals would be at their best when under a moderate amount of stress. See Fig. 14.5: Performance is related to at least two critical factors- the difficulty of the task and the level of arousal/ stress while it is being performed. For easy tasks, moderately high arousal helps; for difficult tasks, lower levels of arousal are optimal.
vassopressive levels
Fig. 14.8: Relationship quality is related to physiological responses. Higher oxytocin and vasopressin levels are associated with positive social interactions between married couples.
In a well-known study, an attractive female researcher approached men near the Capilano Suspension Bridge in North Vancouver. She asked them to participate in her research, and then gave the men her phone number so that they could call her and ask for more information about her work. Which of the following statements best characterizes the results of that study?
Humans tend to be more attracted to individuals whom they meet in highly arousing situations, even if the arousal is negative.
Which of the following statements about the sickness response is FALSE?
The sickness response can be activated by physical illness, such as influenza, as well as by psychological problems, such as depression or anxiety.
According to the Holmes and Rahe stress scale, who is most likely to develop an illness in the near future?
According to the stress scale, certain events are more likely to cause high levels of stress than others. Not all stressful events are “bad”. Some, like marriage, are often considered “good”, but are still stressful.
Mary is a heterosexual woman introduced to a group of heterosexual men at a singles event. After their first evening together, which of the following men is Mary most likely to want to go home with?
Physical attractiveness is the most important factor in attraction AT FIRST. Later, psychological attributes become more important. Since this is the first time Mary has met any of these men, physical attractiveness is the most important.
Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the most common stress scale used today. How did Holmes and Rahe construct their stress scale?
Holmes and Rahe collected patients’ self-reported stressors as well as their actual medical history.
A group of psychology students are working together to solve a case study using a social psychology approach. However, all of the students specialize in behavioural neuroscience, not social psychology. One resulting risk of their cooperation could be:
The common knowledge effect leads to group discussions revolving around information that everyone shares. In this instance, although they are tasked with using a well-rounded approach, their backgrounds may limit them to approach the case from a limited point of view.
less playing with markers due to prizes being given out
ost intrinsic motivation, gained extrinsic motivation
social faciliation
Social facilitation occurs when one’s performance is affected by the presence of others. For example, Triplett (1898) found that cyclists ride faster when racing against each other than when trying to beat the clock.
Pessimistic explanatory style
As a person with depression begins to emphasize negative, self-defeating, and self-critical thoughts, they develop a characteristic depressive or “pessimistic explanatory style”. A person’s explanatory style involves a set of cognitive habits that are important psychological precursors to depression. When faced with the inevitable negative events of life, people with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to make the worst of them (instead of making the best of them), so to speak.
what is psychonaalysis
Psychoanalytic therapists often ask patients to engage in free recall or free speech, in which they discuss whatever comes to mind. In traditional psychoanalysis, the patient sits where they cannot see the therapist.
transference
Transference invoves clients directing certain patterns or emotional experiences toward the therapsit, rather than the original person involved in the experiences.
maladaptive
The best answer here is that anxiety is maladaptive when it interferes with normal functioning. If a person is facing legitimate future threats for an extended period of time, then it would be adaptive for anxiety to last longer than usual. Similarly, it may be adaptive for us to feel anxiety in certain social situations, if it prevents us from embarrassing ourselves or from doing something we know is wrong. Finally, although intense anxiety can trigger physiological responses, this can be warranted if it is proportional to the magnitude of the threat.
ABC method of cognitive behavioural therapy.
activators beliefs conseuqneces
negative vs positive symptoms
Negative symptoms are the ABSENCE of adaptive functioning. Positive symptoms are the PRESENCE of maladaptive functioning.
