12 Flashcards
Personality
as a charecteristic patter of thinking, feeling, and behaving which is unique to each individual. Remaining consistent over time and contexts
idiographic approach
creating detailed descriptions of a specific persons charecteristics
nomothetic approach
examine personality inlarge groups of peop;e with the aim of making generalizations about persona;ity structure.
personality the DJiI’mrait
a persons habitual patterns of thinking, feeling anf behaving
barnum effect
barnum\; to believe their personalities were being measured wehrn they are not
factor analysis
used to group items that people respond to similarly
five factor model
a trait based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five dimensions
honesty humility, hexaco model
a six factor theory that generallly replicates the five factors of the ffm honesty humilidty
the dark triad
machiavellianism psychopathy and narcissism
machiavellianism
to be manipulative and deceitful. dont respect others and are self intrested
psychopathy
shallow emotiional responses
right wing authoritarianism
obeying orders
supporting aggressin towards those who differ from order
believing strongly in maintiaingin ecxisting social order
state
a temporary phyiscal or psychological engagement that inflluence behavior
states based off what
location associatioin, activities and subjective states
what is a behaviourist
personalities are behaviours influenced by environment which have been reinforced by consequences
behaviour is repeated when it is reinforced, and that behaviour is extinguished when it is punished.
reciprical determinism
behavior, internal factors and external factors interacct with one another that create a personality
social cognititve perspecitve says
behavior, environment and (personal cognitive factors, beliefs, expectancies and personal dispositions) all influence one another
Weird vs non weid cultures
most of personality research has been done in weird countries, they do not apply to other cultures necessaril
twin study result and adoption study
twins were similar and adopted kids together were no more similar in personality than two people off the street.
What does this mean
most parents do not deviate from norms enough to change the personality of a child
wi fast and slow exploring?
was genetically caused creating different personality and bravery
big 5 works on animals?
yes
why does personality exist
to promote survival and reproductive success
wi evidence to support evolutionary personality
personality traits can be found in non humans
wi humourism
all illness result in imbalmnce of humors.
wi phrenology
personality personality charectheristics could be measured by skull measurement
wi arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by a person’s threshold for arousal
wi ascending reticular activation system
plays a role in controlling this arousal response.
initial proposal that extraverts have a lower resting baseline of activations. ie. extraverts are chronically at a lower state of arousal. But truth is reactivity. introverts have a greater response to stimui
wi behavioural activation system
is a go system arousing the person to pursue goals 552
extraversion and brain
less activation in amygdala..
More reward sensitivity
Neuroticism
: Neuroticism is associated with the
size of various brain areas, such as a smaller dorsomedial
prefrontal cortex, a smaller hippocampus, and a larger
mid-cingulate gyrus (an area right above the corpus
callosum; DeYoung et al., 2010). Each of these areas is
involved in abilities that are central to neuroticism.
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex is involved
in controlling emotions (Ochsner & Gross, 2005),
the hippocampus in controlling obsessive negative
thinking (Gray & McNaughton, 2000), and the midcingulate
gyrus in detecting errors and perceiving
pain—whether physical or emotional pain (Carter
et al., 1998; Eisenberger & Lieberman, 2004). These
are the kinds of processes that defi ne highly neurotic
people. They have diffi culty controlling their emotions,
often fall prey to obsessive negative thinking, and are
highly sensitive when they make mistakes, or when
they feel pain.
Agreeableness
People high in agreeableness show
less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal
sulcus (DeYoung et al., 2010), which is activated
when one is interpreting another person’s actions or
intentions (Pelphrey & Morris, 2006). They also show
greater volume in an area called the posterior cingulate
cortex, which is involved in empathy and perspectivetaking
(DeYoung et al., 2010). These brain areas match
the tendency for people high in agreeableness to be
more socially attuned and to have more empathy for
others.
Conscientiousness
People high in this trait have
larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the
left prefrontal cortex (DeYoung et al., 2010), which is
involved in working memory processes and in carrying
out actions that you have planned. These functions
are implicated in eff ective self-control, which is a key
strength of the highly conscientious person.
Openness to Experience
Individuals high in
openness to experience have been shown to have greater
activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is
involved in creativity and intelligence, as well as other
brain systems involved in the integration of the self and
the environment (Adelstein et al., 2011). These systems
refl ect the tendencies for people high in openness to be
creative, integrative thinkers
id
represents a collection of basic biological drives,
including those directed toward sex and aggression
superego
is comprised of our values and moral
standard
ego
decison maker
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies
the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
fixation
becoming preoccupied with pleasure from a certain stage
stages of psychosexual development
oral anal phalic latency genital
projective tests
ambigious images are shown and unconcious images are projected
thematic apperception test
which asks repondents to tell stories about ambigious pictures involving various interpresonal situations
analytic psychology
unconcious archaty[es
personal unconcious
vast repo of experiences and patterns absorbed through entire experimental unfolding of the persons life
collective unconcious
is a sepereate non personal realm of unconcious that holds collective memories and mythologies of mind
inferiority
complex
, the struggle many people have with feelings
of inferiority, which stem from experiences of helplessness and
powerlessness during childhoo
person-centred
perspective
people are
basically good,
self-actualization
drive to grow and fulfi ll one’s potential
humanistic theories
free will
cross modal matching
different sense
habituation dishabituation
better understand what they percieve. Familizing till unintrested . dishabutation is changing it to see if intrest is regained
Conservation
same thing even if arranged differently
Preoperational
theory of mind
