Exam Flashcards
Triglyceride has 3 fatty acids that are connected to what?
Glycerol backbone
What does it mean if a protein becomes denatured or what can cause it?
Heat mixing with chemicals cause the whole things to unfold and then there is no function
Why would you add a catalyst to a reaction?
Increase the rate of the reaction
What makes endoplasmic reticulum rough?
Ribosomes
What do ribosomes do?
Make protein
Electrochemical gradient is formed if what?
Formed when ion concentration changes from one side to the other
What is endocytosis
Movement of food
What is phagocytosis
Pac man (something big) cell engulfs a solid particle
What is pinocytosis
Liquid
What is the first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be changed from one form to another, not created or destroyed
Where does the kerb cycle occur
Mitochondrial matrix
Which molecule contributes to the highest production of ATP
NADH
After the Calvin cycle is complete for one glucose, how many co2 is there?
6
Where does the Calvin cycle occur
Stroma
How many hydrogen bonds does guanine and cytosine have
3 hydrogen bonds
How many hydrogen bonds does adamine and thymine have
2 hydrogen bonds
What does transgeneric mean
Modified
Which major fluid in your body best regulates body temp
Blood
What kind of cells make the Myelin sheath
Schwann cells
What type of brain matter is deep inside the Brian
White matter
What matter is on the edge of the Brian
Grey matter
Which Brain lobe is most associated with memory
Frontal
What are the gaps between the Milan sheet called
Nodes of ranvier
What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic- fight or flight
Parasympathetic- rest and digest
What is mutualism
Is how 2 organisms of different species exist in a relationship and both benefit from each other
What is paratism
One species benefits at the cost of the other
What is dualism
Same as paratism
What is commensalism
One organism benefits while the other doesn’t benefit or have harm
What is amenalism
One organism is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected
What is the equation to calculate density
of individuals divided by area (has nothing to do with time)
Which molecule is most commonly referred to when speaking about blood sugar
Glucose
Which molecule is a isomer of glucose
Fructose
Which general structure of a lipid makes it a good energy source
Carbon hydrogen bonds
What do lipids not do
Don’t dissolve in water
What happens when something is saturated
The solvent can’t hold anymore solute
What does kinks mean
No double bonds
What are cell membranes made out of
Phospholipid bilayer
Definition of free energy
How much energy is available to do work
What is activation energy (the right answer is spelt wrong on the exam)
The amount of energy needed to start
What is the structure of ATP
C10H16N5O13P3
What is oxidizing
Oxidizing is moving
What does it mean to reduce
Gaining
What is the end product of kerbs (sitric acid cycle) other name
Glycolysis
If photosynthesis is considered to be very productive, what is a massive byproduct of it?
Oxygen
What is the difference between c3,c4, CAM plants
LOOK AT TEST
C3 grows in all environments
C4 tropical environment
CAM dry environment
How would u describe the DNA replication
Semi conservative
What does protein become when broken down
Amino acid
What does the break down of starch become
Monosaccharide
What is the Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle is a cyclical metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
What is kreb cycle reaction 1
Acetyl coA bring it to 2 carbon and joins with oxaloacetate to produce citrate
Kreb cycle reaction 2-3
Isomerization of citrate to isocitrate
Kreb cycle reaction 4-5
Oxidation reactions that result in CO, each oxidation reaction is coupled to a reduction reaction that produces one molecule of NADH
Kreb cycle reaction 6
Substrate level, phosphorylation occurs in a complex reaction involving GTP to produce one molecule of ATP
Kreb cycle reaction 7
Oxidation reaction is coupled to a reduction reaction to produce one molecule of FADH2
Kreb cycle reaction 8-9
Regeneration of a oxaloacetate from a coupled redox reaction, producing one molecule of NADH
Define hydrophobic
Repel or fail to mix with water
What is a monomer
A molecule that can be bonded to other molecules to form a polymer
What is a dipeptide
Peptide composed of two amino acids
What is denaturation
Modifying the molecular structure of a protein, involves breaking weak linkages and bonds
What is a catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without permanent chemical change
Endocytosis
Absorb materials from outside the cell membrane
What is the law of thermodynamics
Dictates the specifics for the movement of heat and work
What does mRNA do
Is the molecule that carries the message contained with DNA to the ribosome
What is activation energy
The amount of energy required to activate atoms/molecules to undergo a reaction
Prokaryote vs eukaryote
Prokaryote- organisms that lack a cell nucleus
Eukaryotes- organisms that have a nucleus
Why are lipids a good energy source
Lipids contain more calories per gram which means more energy
Types of mutations (5)
Point mutation Silent mutation Missense mutation Nonsense mutation Frame shift mutation
Point mutation (mispairing)
Most frequent type, subsituted,inserted,deleted
Silent mutation
Aa sequence stays the same
Missense mutation
Alters aa sequence of a protein
Nonsense mutation
Mutation that inserts a “stop” early
Frame shift mutation
Change of reading frame (strand slippage)
Name the combos with TACG
T A C G
A U G C
What does primary do in the protein structure
Order of amino acids along a polypeptide chain (determines the other structures)
What does secondary do in the protein structure
Results from hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone
What does tertiary do in the protein structure
Determined by a variety of interactions among R groups, between R groups and the polypeptide backbone
What does quaternary do in the protein structure
Results from more than one polypeptide and how they bond to one another
Translation
Is synthesis of protein from a RNA template
Transcription
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
What is the end production of Krebs cycle
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP
What is a channel protein
Special 2 blade structure that allows large molecules to enter the cell
With DNA A goes with T not U
With mRNA it’s the usual
Define homeostasis and give a example
Ability of a organism to maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes to its internal or external environment
Example: sweating, shivering
Define population
A area where people or animals are living
Glycolysis
First stage of cellular respiration. Starts with one 6 carbon glucose and ends with 2 3 pyruvate chain
Okazaki fragments
Short DNA fragments that are generated during the synthesis of the lagging strand in DNA replication
Name the molecules in the kreb cycle in order ACIaKSSFMO
Acetyl-CoA Citrate a-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumarate Maleate Oxaloacetate
How enzymes work
Highly selected catalyst that speeds up the reaction rate
What is Natality rate
It’s birth rate
What is a population histogram
Pyramid graph from isu
What are the levels related to protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary , quaternary
What is photosystem 1 and 2
Photosystem 1-700
Photosystem 2-680
How is RNA different from DNA
The sugar has OH attached at the number 2 carbon
Identify 2 characteristics that make RNA different from DNA
RNA- ribose sugar, has a uracil base
DNA- deoxyribose sugar, thymine base
What are the 4 lobes
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Process of visual info
Parietal lobe
Receive and process sensory from skin
Frontal lobe
Memory, personality
Occipital lobe
Recognizes what is being seen
4 processes of cellular respiration
Glycolysis (cytoplasm) Pyruvate oxidation (mitochondria) Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix) Oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial matrix)
