Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Triglyceride has 3 fatty acids that are connected to what?
A
Glycerol backbone
2
Q
What does it mean if a protein becomes denatured or what can cause it?
A
Heat mixing with chemicals cause the whole things to unfold and then there is no function
3
Q
Why would you add a catalyst to a reaction?
A
Increase the rate of the reaction
4
Q
What makes endoplasmic reticulum rough?
A
Ribosomes
5
Q
What do ribosomes do?
A
Make protein
6
Q
Electrochemical gradient is formed if what?
A
Formed when ion concentration changes from one side to the other
7
Q
What is endocytosis
A
Movement of food
8
Q
What is phagocytosis
A
Pac man (something big) cell engulfs a solid particle
9
Q
What is pinocytosis
A
Liquid
10
Q
What is the first law of thermodynamics
A
Energy can be changed from one form to another, not created or destroyed
11
Q
Where does the kerb cycle occur
A
Mitochondrial matrix
12
Q
Which molecule contributes to the highest production of ATP
A
NADH
13
Q
After the Calvin cycle is complete for one glucose, how many co2 is there?
A
6
14
Q
Where does the Calvin cycle occur
A
Stroma
15
Q
How many hydrogen bonds does guanine and cytosine have
A
3 hydrogen bonds
16
Q
How many hydrogen bonds does adamine and thymine have
A
2 hydrogen bonds
17
Q
What does transgeneric mean
A
Modified
18
Q
Which major fluid in your body best regulates body temp
A
Blood
19
Q
What kind of cells make the Myelin sheath
A
Schwann cells
20
Q
What type of brain matter is deep inside the Brian
A
White matter
21
Q
What matter is on the edge of the Brian
A
Grey matter
22
Q
Which Brain lobe is most associated with memory
A
Frontal
23
Q
What are the gaps between the Milan sheet called
A
Nodes of ranvier
24
Q
What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic
A
Sympathetic- fight or flight
Parasympathetic- rest and digest
25
What is mutualism
Is how 2 organisms of different species exist in a relationship and both benefit from each other
26
What is paratism
One species benefits at the cost of the other
27
What is dualism
Same as paratism
28
What is commensalism
One organism benefits while the other doesn't benefit or have harm
29
What is amenalism
One organism is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected
30
What is the equation to calculate density
of individuals divided by area (has nothing to do with time)
31
Which molecule is most commonly referred to when speaking about blood sugar
Glucose
32
Which molecule is a isomer of glucose
Fructose
33
Which general structure of a lipid makes it a good energy source
Carbon hydrogen bonds
34
What do lipids not do
Don't dissolve in water
35
What happens when something is saturated
The solvent can't hold anymore solute
36
What does kinks mean
No double bonds
37
What are cell membranes made out of
Phospholipid bilayer
38
Definition of free energy
How much energy is available to do work
39
What is activation energy (the right answer is spelt wrong on the exam)
The amount of energy needed to start
40
What is the structure of ATP
C10H16N5O13P3
41
What is oxidizing
Oxidizing is moving
42
What does it mean to reduce
Gaining
43
What is the end product of kerbs (sitric acid cycle) other name
Glycolysis
44
If photosynthesis is considered to be very productive, what is a massive byproduct of it?
Oxygen
45
What is the difference between c3,c4, CAM plants
| LOOK AT TEST
C3 grows in all environments
C4 tropical environment
CAM dry environment
46
How would u describe the DNA replication
Semi conservative
47
What does protein become when broken down
Amino acid
48
What does the break down of starch become
Monosaccharide
49
What is the Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle is a cyclical metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
50
What is kreb cycle reaction 1
Acetyl coA bring it to 2 carbon and joins with oxaloacetate to produce citrate
51
Kreb cycle reaction 2-3
Isomerization of citrate to isocitrate
52
Kreb cycle reaction 4-5
Oxidation reactions that result in CO, each oxidation reaction is coupled to a reduction reaction that produces one molecule of NADH
53
Kreb cycle reaction 6
Substrate level, phosphorylation occurs in a complex reaction involving GTP to produce one molecule of ATP
54
Kreb cycle reaction 7
Oxidation reaction is coupled to a reduction reaction to produce one molecule of FADH2
55
Kreb cycle reaction 8-9
Regeneration of a oxaloacetate from a coupled redox reaction, producing one molecule of NADH
56
Define hydrophobic
Repel or fail to mix with water
57
What is a monomer
A molecule that can be bonded to other molecules to form a polymer
58
What is a dipeptide
Peptide composed of two amino acids
59
What is denaturation
Modifying the molecular structure of a protein, involves breaking weak linkages and bonds
60
What is a catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without permanent chemical change
61
Endocytosis
Absorb materials from outside the cell membrane
62
What is the law of thermodynamics
Dictates the specifics for the movement of heat and work
63
What does mRNA do
Is the molecule that carries the message contained with DNA to the ribosome
64
What is activation energy
The amount of energy required to activate atoms/molecules to undergo a reaction
65
Prokaryote vs eukaryote
Prokaryote- organisms that lack a cell nucleus
| Eukaryotes- organisms that have a nucleus
66
Why are lipids a good energy source
Lipids contain more calories per gram which means more energy
67
Types of mutations (5)
```
Point mutation
Silent mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Frame shift mutation
```
68
Point mutation (mispairing)
Most frequent type, subsituted,inserted,deleted
69
Silent mutation
Aa sequence stays the same
70
Missense mutation
Alters aa sequence of a protein
71
Nonsense mutation
Mutation that inserts a "stop" early
72
Frame shift mutation
Change of reading frame (strand slippage)
73
Name the combos with TACG
T A C G
| A U G C
74
What does primary do in the protein structure
Order of amino acids along a polypeptide chain (determines the other structures)
75
What does secondary do in the protein structure
Results from hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone
76
What does tertiary do in the protein structure
Determined by a variety of interactions among R groups, between R groups and the polypeptide backbone
77
What does quaternary do in the protein structure
Results from more than one polypeptide and how they bond to one another
78
Translation
Is synthesis of protein from a RNA template
79
Transcription
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
80
What is the end production of Krebs cycle
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP
81
What is a channel protein
Special 2 blade structure that allows large molecules to enter the cell
82
With DNA A goes with T not U
With mRNA it's the usual
83
Define homeostasis and give a example
Ability of a organism to maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes to its internal or external environment
Example: sweating, shivering
84
Define population
A area where people or animals are living
85
Glycolysis
First stage of cellular respiration. Starts with one 6 carbon glucose and ends with 2 3 pyruvate chain
86
Okazaki fragments
Short DNA fragments that are generated during the synthesis of the lagging strand in DNA replication
87
Name the molecules in the kreb cycle in order ACIaKSSFMO
```
Acetyl-CoA
Citrate
a-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Maleate
Oxaloacetate
```
88
How enzymes work
Highly selected catalyst that speeds up the reaction rate
89
What is Natality rate
It's birth rate
90
What is a population histogram
Pyramid graph from isu
91
What are the levels related to protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary , quaternary
92
What is photosystem 1 and 2
Photosystem 1-700
| Photosystem 2-680
93
How is RNA different from DNA
The sugar has OH attached at the number 2 carbon
94
Identify 2 characteristics that make RNA different from DNA
RNA- ribose sugar, has a uracil base
| DNA- deoxyribose sugar, thymine base
95
What are the 4 lobes
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
96
Temporal lobe
Process of visual info
97
Parietal lobe
Receive and process sensory from skin
98
Frontal lobe
Memory, personality
99
Occipital lobe
Recognizes what is being seen
100
4 processes of cellular respiration
```
Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
Pyruvate oxidation (mitochondria)
Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix)
Oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial matrix)
```
