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Grade 12 BIO > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Triglyceride has 3 fatty acids that are connected to what?

A

Glycerol backbone

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2
Q

What does it mean if a protein becomes denatured or what can cause it?

A

Heat mixing with chemicals cause the whole things to unfold and then there is no function

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3
Q

Why would you add a catalyst to a reaction?

A

Increase the rate of the reaction

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4
Q

What makes endoplasmic reticulum rough?

A

Ribosomes

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5
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Make protein

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6
Q

Electrochemical gradient is formed if what?

A

Formed when ion concentration changes from one side to the other

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7
Q

What is endocytosis

A

Movement of food

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8
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Pac man (something big) cell engulfs a solid particle

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9
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Liquid

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10
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be changed from one form to another, not created or destroyed

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11
Q

Where does the kerb cycle occur

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

Which molecule contributes to the highest production of ATP

A

NADH

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13
Q

After the Calvin cycle is complete for one glucose, how many co2 is there?

A

6

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14
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur

A

Stroma

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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does guanine and cytosine have

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does adamine and thymine have

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

What does transgeneric mean

A

Modified

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18
Q

Which major fluid in your body best regulates body temp

A

Blood

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19
Q

What kind of cells make the Myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

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20
Q

What type of brain matter is deep inside the Brian

A

White matter

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21
Q

What matter is on the edge of the Brian

A

Grey matter

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22
Q

Which Brain lobe is most associated with memory

A

Frontal

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23
Q

What are the gaps between the Milan sheet called

A

Nodes of ranvier

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24
Q

What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic- fight or flight

Parasympathetic- rest and digest

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25
Q

What is mutualism

A

Is how 2 organisms of different species exist in a relationship and both benefit from each other

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26
Q

What is paratism

A

One species benefits at the cost of the other

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27
Q

What is dualism

A

Same as paratism

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28
Q

What is commensalism

A

One organism benefits while the other doesn’t benefit or have harm

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29
Q

What is amenalism

A

One organism is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected

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30
Q

What is the equation to calculate density

A

of individuals divided by area (has nothing to do with time)

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31
Q

Which molecule is most commonly referred to when speaking about blood sugar

A

Glucose

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32
Q

Which molecule is a isomer of glucose

A

Fructose

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33
Q

Which general structure of a lipid makes it a good energy source

A

Carbon hydrogen bonds

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34
Q

What do lipids not do

A

Don’t dissolve in water

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35
Q

What happens when something is saturated

A

The solvent can’t hold anymore solute

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36
Q

What does kinks mean

A

No double bonds

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37
Q

What are cell membranes made out of

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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38
Q

Definition of free energy

A

How much energy is available to do work

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39
Q

What is activation energy (the right answer is spelt wrong on the exam)

A

The amount of energy needed to start

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40
Q

What is the structure of ATP

A

C10H16N5O13P3

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41
Q

What is oxidizing

A

Oxidizing is moving

42
Q

What does it mean to reduce

A

Gaining

43
Q

What is the end product of kerbs (sitric acid cycle) other name

A

Glycolysis

44
Q

If photosynthesis is considered to be very productive, what is a massive byproduct of it?

A

Oxygen

45
Q

What is the difference between c3,c4, CAM plants

LOOK AT TEST

A

C3 grows in all environments
C4 tropical environment
CAM dry environment

46
Q

How would u describe the DNA replication

A

Semi conservative

47
Q

What does protein become when broken down

A

Amino acid

48
Q

What does the break down of starch become

A

Monosaccharide

49
Q

What is the Krebs cycle

A

Krebs cycle is a cyclical metabolic pathway that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

50
Q

What is kreb cycle reaction 1

A

Acetyl coA bring it to 2 carbon and joins with oxaloacetate to produce citrate

51
Q

Kreb cycle reaction 2-3

A

Isomerization of citrate to isocitrate

52
Q

Kreb cycle reaction 4-5

A

Oxidation reactions that result in CO, each oxidation reaction is coupled to a reduction reaction that produces one molecule of NADH

53
Q

Kreb cycle reaction 6

A

Substrate level, phosphorylation occurs in a complex reaction involving GTP to produce one molecule of ATP

54
Q

Kreb cycle reaction 7

A

Oxidation reaction is coupled to a reduction reaction to produce one molecule of FADH2

55
Q

Kreb cycle reaction 8-9

A

Regeneration of a oxaloacetate from a coupled redox reaction, producing one molecule of NADH

56
Q

Define hydrophobic

A

Repel or fail to mix with water

57
Q

What is a monomer

A

A molecule that can be bonded to other molecules to form a polymer

58
Q

What is a dipeptide

A

Peptide composed of two amino acids

59
Q

What is denaturation

A

Modifying the molecular structure of a protein, involves breaking weak linkages and bonds

60
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without permanent chemical change

61
Q

Endocytosis

A

Absorb materials from outside the cell membrane

62
Q

What is the law of thermodynamics

A

Dictates the specifics for the movement of heat and work

63
Q

What does mRNA do

A

Is the molecule that carries the message contained with DNA to the ribosome

64
Q

What is activation energy

A

The amount of energy required to activate atoms/molecules to undergo a reaction

65
Q

Prokaryote vs eukaryote

A

Prokaryote- organisms that lack a cell nucleus

Eukaryotes- organisms that have a nucleus

66
Q

Why are lipids a good energy source

A

Lipids contain more calories per gram which means more energy

67
Q

Types of mutations (5)

A 
Point mutation 
Silent mutation 
Missense mutation 
Nonsense mutation 
Frame shift mutation
68
Q

Point mutation (mispairing)

A

Most frequent type, subsituted,inserted,deleted

69
Q

Silent mutation

A

Aa sequence stays the same

70
Q

Missense mutation

A

Alters aa sequence of a protein

71
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Mutation that inserts a “stop” early

72
Q

Frame shift mutation

A

Change of reading frame (strand slippage)

73
Q

Name the combos with TACG

A

T A C G

A U G C

74
Q

What does primary do in the protein structure

A

Order of amino acids along a polypeptide chain (determines the other structures)

75
Q

What does secondary do in the protein structure

A

Results from hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone

76
Q

What does tertiary do in the protein structure

A

Determined by a variety of interactions among R groups, between R groups and the polypeptide backbone

77
Q

What does quaternary do in the protein structure

A

Results from more than one polypeptide and how they bond to one another

78
Q

Translation

A

Is synthesis of protein from a RNA template

79
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

80
Q

What is the end production of Krebs cycle

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP

81
Q

What is a channel protein

A

Special 2 blade structure that allows large molecules to enter the cell

82
Q

With DNA A goes with T not U

A

With mRNA it’s the usual

83
Q

Define homeostasis and give a example

A

Ability of a organism to maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes to its internal or external environment
Example: sweating, shivering

84
Q

Define population

A

A area where people or animals are living

85
Q

Glycolysis

A

First stage of cellular respiration. Starts with one 6 carbon glucose and ends with 2 3 pyruvate chain

86
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Short DNA fragments that are generated during the synthesis of the lagging strand in DNA replication

87
Q

Name the molecules in the kreb cycle in order ACIaKSSFMO

A 
Acetyl-CoA
Citrate 
a-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Succinate 
Fumarate
Maleate 
Oxaloacetate
88
Q

How enzymes work

A

Highly selected catalyst that speeds up the reaction rate

89
Q

What is Natality rate

A

It’s birth rate

90
Q

What is a population histogram

A

Pyramid graph from isu

91
Q

What are the levels related to protein structure

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary , quaternary

92
Q

What is photosystem 1 and 2

A

Photosystem 1-700

Photosystem 2-680

93
Q

How is RNA different from DNA

A

The sugar has OH attached at the number 2 carbon

94
Q

Identify 2 characteristics that make RNA different from DNA

A

RNA- ribose sugar, has a uracil base

DNA- deoxyribose sugar, thymine base

95
Q

What are the 4 lobes

A

Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe

96
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Process of visual info

97
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Receive and process sensory from skin

98
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Memory, personality

99
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Recognizes what is being seen

100
Q

4 processes of cellular respiration

A 
Glycolysis (cytoplasm) 
Pyruvate oxidation (mitochondria)
Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix)
Oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial matrix)

Grade 12 BIO (4 decks)

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