Biochemistry Flashcards
Cell Wall
Structure and function
S- composed of cellulose
F- strength and rigidity to the cell
Prevents cell from bursting or wilting
Cell membrane (s and f)
S- fluid
Made up of phospholipid bilayer with proteins
F- separates interior from outside world
Controls movement of materials in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm
S-watery gel like fluid
f- chemical activities take place here
Contains absorbed materials that are transported and processed
Nucleus
S- contains nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus
Surrounded by nuclear membrane
F- controls cells activities
Nucleolus
S- contains RNA and protein
F- involved in making ribosomal RNA
Nuclear membrane
S- same as cell membrane
F- present in eukaryotic cells (plants+animals)
Absent in prokaryotic cells (bacteria+algae)
Contains pores which regulate movement of macromolecules and ribosomes
Nucleoplasm
S- same as cytoplasm
F- chemical activities of nucleus take place here
Chromatin
S- long threads of genetic material (DNA and proteins)
F- contains DNA which determines cells characteristics
Condense into chromosomes during cell division
Mitochondria
S- tiny, kidney shaped
Contains inner membrane which is folded
F- powerhouse of the cell: provides energy through cell respiration
Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) a high energy molecule
Ribosome
S- Made up of RNA and protein
Very small: 2 subunits
F- synthesize proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
S- Network of interconnected canals
Smooth ER or rough ER
F- SER- fats and lipids synthesized+transported
RER- transports proteins which are synthesized from ribosomes on surface
Golgi apparatus
S- flattened sacs
F- stores, modifies, and package proteins from ER
releases vesicles that are used in exocytosis and endocytosis
Vacuole
S- fluid filled sac
F- storage of sugars, minerals, proteins, water
Provides physical support in plants using turgor pressure
Lysosomes
S- vesicles containing enzymes F- breaks down large molecules to: 1. Digest food particles 2. Destroy harmful bacteria 3. Destroy damaged or worn out cells
Chloroplast
S- oval shaped, double membrane
Contains chlorophyll
F- where photosynthesis occurs: carbon dioxide + water} glucose + oxygen
Other plastids
S- single membrane sacs
F- chromoplast- stores coloured pigments in fruits/flowers etc
Amyloplast- stores starch
Micro tubule
S- pipe like structure composed of protein
F- supports organelles: provides shape for the cell
Main structural component of spindle fibres, centrioles, cilia, and flagella
Microfilament
S- tiny fibres
F- provides shape for the cell: supports organelles
Cilia
S- made of micro tubules
Short; many present
F- move in coordinated manner
Aid in movement (single celled organisms)
Creates current to move substances (ex windpipe)
Flagella
S- same as cilia
Long; usually 1 present
F- helps cell move
Like a propellor (ex human sperm)
Centriole
S-2 bundles of micro tubules
F- found only in animal cells
During cell divison, produces spindle fibres which help organize chromosomes
Name 3 things that could affect a enzyme
Surrounding conditions
PH
Temp
The fatty acids of a saturated fat have…..
a) many double bonds
b) no double bonds
c) fewer carbon atoms
No double bonds
The monomer for starch is
Monosaccharide
Amino acid
Fatty acid
Monosaccharide
The monomer for a protein is
Fatty acid
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Amino acid
Which of these molecules is a disaccharide Glucose Fructose Galactose Sucrose Cellulose
Sucrose
Two isomers vary by….
Chemical formula
Structural formula
Structural formula
Which of these carbohydrates polymers is highly branched
Maltose
Cellulose
Glycogen
Glycogen
A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids connected to one Glucose Glycogen Glycerol None of these
Glycerol
A triglyceride is formed by
Peptide bond
Ester linkage
Glycosidic linkage
Ester linkage
At room temp, polyunsaturated lipids would form?
Oil
Proteins have many functions. Which function is not related to proteins
Insulating against heat loss
A dipeptide is ?
Two amino acids combined together
Protein structure can be organized into how many levels?
4
Identify 3 ways that lipids contribute to the success of a living organism
Insulating against heat loss
Store energy
Transport nutrients
What does the rough ER look like and do
Looks like sandpaper, produce proteins that are collected within the ER
What does the smooth ER look like and do
Smooth ER has no ribosomes unlike the rough ER, this synthesizes lipid and lipid containing molecules such as the phospholipids , that make up membranes
How many parts is the endoplasmic reticulum divided into?
Name each
Divided into 2 parts, the rough and smooth ER
Diagrams of cell, the chart and amino acids
Finish this
What is the rate of diffusion
How fast diffusion occurs
List the factors that affect the rate of diffusion (5)
Molecules size- bigger are slower Molecule polarity- more polar are slower Ion charge- more charge are slower Temp- proportional Pressure- proportional
Name the 2 ways to transport across the plasma membrane
1) passive transport
2) active transport
Passive transport
Finish
Active transport
Finish
Does hydrophilic love or hate water?
Hydrophilic hates water and repels from it (looks like sperm)
Does hydrophobic love or hate water?
Loves water
Lysosomes contain what kind of enzymes
Digestive enzymes
What is diffusion
When things spread out all over
What is osmosis
It’s diffusion in a liquid, in or out of cell
Ex when cooking rice the liquid disappears into the rice making in fluffy and big
Phospholipid
Glycerol molecule bonded to 2 fatty acids, main component of the cell membranes
Triglyceride
A lipid molecule made of glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids linked by ester bonds
3 differences between passive and active transport
Passive moves ions from high concentration to low with no metabolic energy, active moves them from low to high using metabolic energy. Active uses a ion pump to move them
