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Environmental Science > Exam 6 (Chps 21, 22, 11th Hour video) > Flashcards

Exam 6 (Chps 21, 22, 11th Hour video) Flashcards

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1
Q

Municipal Solid Waste

A

materials thrown away from homes and small commercial establishments

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2
Q

landfill

A

dump covered in 6 inches of earth every day

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3
Q

siting

A

finding a place to build

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4
Q

LULU

A

Locally Unwanted Land Use

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5
Q

BANANA

A

Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anyone

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6
Q

NIMTOO

A

Not In My Term Of Office

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7
Q

primary recycling

A

original waste material made back into the same material

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8
Q

secondary recycling

A

waste materials made into different products that may or may not be recyclable

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9
Q

materials recovery facility

A

a processing plant in which regionalized recycling is carried out. Recyclable MSW, usually presorted, is prepared in bulk for the recycling market.

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10
Q

Resource Recovery Act

A
  • 1970
  • gave jurisdiction over waste management to EPA
  • encouraged state programs
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11
Q

Solid Waste Disposal Act

A
  • 1965
  • gave jurisdiction over SW to Bureau of Solid Waste Management
  • financial and technical vs. regulatory
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12
Q

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

A
  • 1976
  • used regulatory (command-and-control) approach
  • EPA could close dumps, regulate landfills and combustion facilities
  • required states to make SWM programs
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13
Q

Superfund Act

A
  • 1980
  • addressed abandoned hazardous waste sites
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14
Q

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments

A
  • 1984
  • gave EPA more responsibility for setting criteria
  • EPA must monitor landfills and combustion criteria
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15
Q

WasteWise

A
  • EPA sponsored
  • voluntary partnership that allows partners to desing their own SW reduction programs
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16
Q

Landfill Problem

A
  • leachate and groundwater contamination
  • methane explosions
  • incomplete decomposition
  • settling
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17
Q

Combustion Problems

A
  • air pollution
  • expensive
  • siting problems (smell, pollution)
  • ash toxic
  • needs a continuous supply of MSW to justify the cost
  • wastes energy and materials unless augmented with recycling
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18
Q

source reduction

A
  • reduce weight, amount, toxicity
  • reduce paperwork
  • reuse
  • design to last
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19
Q

qualities of the most successful recycling programs

A
  • PAYT trash
  • mandatory
  • curbside
  • single stream
  • bulk trash day, or site
  • goals ambitious, clear, feasible
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20
Q

policy goals that would improve sustainability of MSW management

A
  • extended producer responsibility, or product stewardship
  • incentives at government level
  • working internationally
21
Q

hazardous substance

A
  • flammable
  • corrosive
  • reactive
  • toxic
22
Q

factors that increase a substance’s ability to harm

A
  • persistence
  • bio-accumulation
  • ease of absorption
23
Q

risk characterization

A

the process of determining the level of a risk and its accompanying uncertainties after hazard assessment, dose response assessment and exposure assessment have been accomplished

24
Q

threshold level

A

the level below which no ill effects are observed

25
Q

Toxics Release Inventory

A
  • EPA’s annual report
  • required by EPCRA
  • annual releases of toxic chemicals to the environment and locations and quatities of toxic chemicals stored at US sites
26
Q

Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act

A
  • EPCRA - SARA (Title III)
  • 1986
  • a section of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act that addresses hazardous waste accidents and promulgates community right to know requirements
27
Q

halogenated hydrocarbons

A

a synthetic organic compound containing one or more atoms of the halogen group, which includes chlorine, fluorine, and bromine

28
Q

Pollution Prevention Act of 1990

A

mandates collection of data on all chemicals used

29
Q

Persistant Organic Pollutants

A
  • POPs
  • any members of a class of organic pollutants that are resistant to biodegradation and that are often toxic
  • DDT, PCBs, dioxin, etc.
30
Q

chlorinated hydrocarbons

A
  • synthetic organic molecules in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by chlorine atoms
  • hazardous when nonbiodegradable and bioaccumulate
  • many carcinogenic
31
Q

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

A
  • CERCLA
  • Superfund
  • 1980
  • provides trust fund (through taxing chemicals) for the ID of abandoned chemical waste sites, protection of groundwater near the sites, remediation, and cleanup
32
Q

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act

A
  • 1986
  • SARA
  • greatly expands Superfund program
33
Q

Stockholm Convention on Persistant Organic Pollutants

A
  • 2004
  • outlaws 9 pollutants
  • limits DDT use for malaria
  • limits accidental production of pollutants by breakdown of other products
34
Q

National Priorities List

A

the most immediate and severe threats of the Superfund sites

35
Q

bioremediation

A
  • oxygen injected into contaminated zones
  • organisms feed on the pollutants, then die
36
Q

phytoremediation

A
  • uses plants for cleanup steps
  • stabilizes soil to prevent movement of contaminents by erosion
  • extracts contaminants by direct uptake
  • sunflowers -> uranium, poplars -> dry-cleaning solvents and mercury, ferns -> arsenic
37
Q

brownfields

A

abandoned, idled, or underused industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by contamination

38
Q

Brownfield Act

A
  • 2002
  • provides grants for site assessment and remediation work
  • limits liability for owners and prospective purchasers
  • 100,000 jobs
39
Q

discharge permit

A
  • under Clean Water Act
  • any firm discharging more than a certain amount must have a permit
  • required to report on what is discharged
40
Q

Department of Transportation Regulations

A

specify kinds of containers and methods of packing to be used in the transport of various hazardous materials

41
Q

the two most toxic chemical groups

A

heavy metals

synthetic organic compounds

42
Q

why most dangerous chemicals cause damage

A
  • soluable in water,
  • easily absorbed,
  • nonbiodegradable,
  • mess with enzymes,
  • mutagenic,
  • carcinogenic,
  • teratogenic
43
Q

Superfund priorities

A
  • pressure facilities to clean up their messes
  • immediately clean up immenant threat
  • worst sites put on NPL
44
Q

Leaking Underground Storage Sites

A
  • strict monitoring
  • remediating to begin w/in 72 hours of leak detected
  • upgraded with interior lining and cathodic protection or fiberglass
  • states required to have storage-tank programs
  • 0.1 cent tax for clean-up trust fund
45
Q

Toxic Substances Control Act

A
  • 1976
  • manufacturers must submit a notice to EPA with health impacts of new chemicals
  • huge loophole - companies allowed to keep “trade secrets”
46
Q

Environmental Justice

A
  • 1994 Environmental Justice Program
  • Brownfield program
  • Aarhus, Basel, Stockholm, Rotterdam
47
Q

pollution prevention

A
  • minimization (floating roofs)
  • subsitution (green chem)
  • reuse (military chems)
48
Q

4 ways to address hazardous chemical pollution

A
  1. prevention
  2. recycling
  3. treatment
  4. safe disposal
49
Q
A

Environmental Science (6 decks)

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