Exam 1 (Chps 1, 2)

Question 1

Environmentalist’s Paradox

Answer 1

over the past 40 years, human well-being has been steadily improving while natural ecosystems have been declining

Question 2

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Answer 2

UN’s goal to reduce extreme poverty and it’s effects by 2015 (failed)

Question 3

environmental science

Answer 3

the study of how the world works

Question 4

experimentation

Answer 4

setting up situations to make more systematic observations regarding causes and effects

Question 5

stewardship

Answer 5

actions and programs that manage natural resources and human well-being for the common good

Question 6

environmental racisism

Answer 6

placement of waste sites and other hazardous industries in towns and neighborhoods where most residents aren’t white

Question 7

current population and growth

Answer 7

7.8 billion, 80 million added a year, outpacing resources

Question 8

U.S. population vs. consumption

Answer 8

5% of world population but consumes 30% of resources

Question 9

equity

Answer 9

needs of the present met, future generations seen as equally deserving

Question 10

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Answer 10

large scale assessment of ecosystems (goods & services) across the globe, 1,360 scientists from 90 countries found 2/3s degraded

Question 11

Unhealthy Global Environmental Trends

Answer 11

population growth
decline of ecosystems
global atmospheric changes
biodiversity loss

Question 12

IPCC

Answer 12

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: UN organization assessing science, impact, response of/to climate change

Question 13

ozone depletion

Answer 13

stratopheric air without proper levels of ozone

Question 14

causes of biodiversity loss

Answer 14

habitat alteration
over-exploitation
pollution
invasive species

Question 15

importance of biodiversity

Answer 15

future agriculture and medicine
maintenance of natural systems
essential goods and services
aesthetic/moral

Question 16

History of US environmental movement

Answer 16

groups, National Parks, Teddy Roosevelt, Dust Bowl, WWII, extinctions, Cuyahoga River, Rachel Carson

Question 17

famous stewards

Answer 17

Maathai (Green Belt trees), Yunus, Carson, Mendoza, Yanza

Question 18

economics

Answer 18

study and social system of production, distribution, consumption and goods and services

Question 19

economic systems

Answer 19

social and legal arrangements people in societies make to satisfy needs/wants/well-being

Question 20

free-market/capitalist economy

Answer 20

market decides what and how goods will be exchanged

Question 21

ecological economists

Answer 21

integrates ecological and economic concerns

Question 22

economic production

Answer 22

converting natural world to manufactured world

Question 23

ecosystem capital

Answer 23

sum of goods and services provided by natural and managed ecosystems, free and essential

Question 24

natural capital

Answer 24

natural assets and their services

Question 25

produced capital

Answer 25

stuff we made

Question 26

intangible capital

Answer 26

human (population's attributes), social (social and political environment), knowledge assets (knowledge fund)

Question 27

external cost

Answer 27

effect of business process not included in profit and loss

Question 28

Environmental Public Policy

Answer 28

``` regulatory (command and control, ex: EPA) market based (cap and trade, payments for ecosystem services) ```

Question 29

Public Policy Life Cycle

Answer 29

1) recognition 2) formulation 3) implementation 4) control

Question 30

Benefit-Cost Analysis of Environmental Policy

Answer 30

* small negative economic impact * creates jobs * regulations cost (exponentially w/ control, but often overestimated) * benefits difficult to calculate, shadow pricing