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Environmental Science > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

demography

A

collecting, compiling and presenting info about human populations

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2
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A

development of agriculture

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3
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

birth of modern science and technology powered by fossil fuels

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4
Q

Medical Revolution

A

vaccines, immunizations, sanitation, antibiotics, nutrition

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5
Q

Green Revolution

A

increased crop yield

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6
Q

Newest Revolution

A

internet, computers, robotics, etc.

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7
Q

total fertility rate

A

average number of children each woman has over her lifetime

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8
Q

replacement-level fertility

A

replaces woman and partner, slightly higher than 2.0 (because of infant mortality and inability to reproduce)

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9
Q

population momentum

A

effect of current age structures on future populations

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10
Q

crude birth rate

A

number of births per thousand of the population

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11
Q

crude death rate

A

number of deaths per thousand of the population

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12
Q

demographic transition

A

gradual shift in birth and death rates from the primitive to the modern condition in the industrialized societies; causal link between modernization and decline in birth and death rates

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13
Q

population profile

A

census data for a population in a bar graph depicting the number or proportion of people at each age

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14
Q

age structure

A

number of people in each age group at any given time

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15
Q

Environmental Revolution

A

efficient technologies, better urban/regional planning, policy and industrial changes, personal decisions

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16
Q

life expectancy

A

years a newborn can expect to live based on mortality rates in their country

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17
Q

IPAT

A

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology formula for human factors that contribute to deterioration and depletion of resources

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18
Q

ImPACT

A

Impact = Population x Affluence x T(consumption per unite of GDP and negative consumption)

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19
Q

human population ecology similar to other organisms

A

population growth until limiting factor reached

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20
Q

human population ecology different from other organisms

A

we figure out how to remove limiting factors we have and want more choices

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21
Q

Phases of Demographic transition

A

Phase 1 - high birth rate, fluctuation death rate Phase 2 - declining birth and death rates Phase 3 - birth rate approaching replacement Phase 4 - low- very low birth and death rates

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22
Q

global gag rule

A

U.S. policy that denies aid to any agency that provides abortion or abortion counseling

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23
Q

dependency ration

A

in human population, ratio of nonworking age population (under 15 and over 65) to working age population

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24
Q

World Bank

A

branch of the UN that acts as a conduit for handling loans to developing countries

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25
Q

Millennium Project

A

UN pan to coordinate various agencies to achieve Millennium Development Goals

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26
Q

microlending examples

A
  • Grameen Bank
  • Kiva
  • Heifer International
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27
Q

2 basic approaches to demographic transition

A
  1. speed up economic development
  2. concentrate on population policies and family planning
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28
Q

poverty cycle

A

-> poverty -> overusing resources for survival -> environmental degradation -> more hands needed/lack of contraceptives -> high fertility -> more people = fewer resources -> poverty

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29
Q

Cairo conference

A

* reproductive health care * improve maternal health * universal access

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30
Q

Kerala

A
  • southern Indian state
  • low birth/death rate
  • equal education and health care
  • stable population through targeted development, not just economic growth
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31
Q

6 factors that influence family size in developing countries

A
  1. helping hands
  2. cultural preference for boys
  3. care in old age
  4. status of women
  5. lack of contraceptives
  6. infant/childhood mortality
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32
Q

Debt crisis

A

caused when short term fixes to repay loans create more problems and interest rates accumulate

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33
Q

negative environmental impacts from the debt crisis

A
  • World Bank funding environmentally disasterous projects (ex: clearing rain forests, bulding coal power plants, privatizing water)
  • unsustainable cash crops grown, indigenous land taken
  • exploiting natural resources
  • austerity measures creating more poverty (cycle)
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34
Q

how humans adversely impoact water purity and cycling

A
  • changing the surface of the earth (ex: impermiable surfaces, dams)
  • introducing pollutants (ex: run-off)
  • removing water (ex: draining wetlands)
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35
Q

mix of salt and fresh water

A

brakish

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36
Q

water molecules in gaseous state

A

water vapor

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37
Q

humidity

A

amount of water vapor in the air

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38
Q

relative humidity

A

the measurement of humidity; the amount of water vapor as a percentage of what the air can hold at a particular temperature

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39
Q

condensation

A

when water molecules rejoin by hydrogen bonding to form liquid water (ex: fog, clouds, dew)

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40
Q

aerosols

A

microscopic liquid or solid particles originating from land and water surfaces

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41
Q

purification in water

A

when water is separated from the solutes and particles it contains

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42
Q

Hadley Cell

A

two halves of the convection currents of the Earth; rising air over the warm equator goes up, cools, dries, is pushed aside from more warm air, falls to the ground and dries the desert

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43
Q

rain shadow

A

dry region downwwind of a mountain range

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44
Q

watershed

A

all the land area that contributes water to a particular stream or river

45
Q

surface waters

A

ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, etc

46
Q

combination of evaporation and transpiration

A

evapotranspiration

47
Q

percolation

A

gravitational water trickling down through pores or cracks to the impervious layer of rock or clay

48
Q

two paths of infiltration

A
  1. held in soil (capillary water)
  2. percolation (gravitational water)
49
Q

water table

A

upper surface of groundwater

50
Q

aquifer

A

layers of porous material through which groundwater moves

51
Q

recharge area

A

area where water enters an aquifer

52
Q

nonconsumptive water

A

can be used again (ex: flushing water)

53
Q

consumptive water

A

can’t be used again (ex: irrigation)

54
Q

land subsidence

A

gradual sinking of land because of dropping water table

55
Q

hydrologic loops

A
  1. evapotranspiration
  2. surface runoff
  3. groundwater
56
Q

4 physical processes of hydrologic cycle

A
  1. evaporation
  2. condensation
  3. precipitation
  4. gravitational flow
57
Q

hydrologic cycle’s flux

A

exchange of water among the land, atmosphere, and oceans

58
Q

sinks

A

hold water

59
Q

cleaning services provided by hydrologic cycle

A
  1. clean water: evaporation, infiltration
  2. clean air: precipitation
60
Q

postivie impacts of dams

A
  • regulate floods
  • clean power
  • save water during drought (debatable)
61
Q

negative impacts of dams

A
  • increase earthquakes
  • interfere with fish breeding
  • saltwater intrusion
  • accumulate pollutants
  • relocate people
  • destroy habitats
  • can lead to more evaporation
62
Q

factors that influence soil characteristics

A
  • water/nutrient holding capacity
  • aeration
  • workability
  • salinity
  • pH
63
Q

processes that remove plants from soil

A
  • overcultivation
  • overgrazing
  • deforestation
  • salinization
64
Q

soil

A

geological/biological material that is changed by chemical, biological and physical processes giving it the ability to support plant growth

65
Q

parent material

A

minerals in the soil that came from the area’s rock

66
Q

sand

A

particles from 2.0-.063 millimetters in diameter

67
Q

silt

A

particles from 0.063-0.004

68
Q

clay

A

particles finer than 0.004 milimeters

69
Q

soil texture

A

proportions of particles of sand, silt and clay

70
Q

loam

A

roughly 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay

71
Q

workability

A

ease which a soil can be cultivated

72
Q

horizons

A

layers of earth

73
Q

soil profile

A

verticle slice through the horizons

74
Q

O horizon

A
  • detritus, organic content, humus
  • primary source of energy for soil community
  • O = organic
75
Q

humus

A

material near the bottom of the O horizon, decomposing detritus and organic matter

76
Q

A horizon

A
  • mixture of mineral soil from below and humus from above
  • topsoil
  • roots
  • A =
77
Q

E horizon

A

E = eluviation (process of leaching minerals)

78
Q

B horizon

A
  • deposit of leached minerals
  • subsoil
  • B =
79
Q

C horizon

A
  • parent material
  • C = crusty
80
Q

soil fertility

A

ability to support plant growth

81
Q

nutrient-holding capacity

A

soil’s ability to bind and hold nutrient ions until they are absorbed by roots

82
Q

organic fertilizer

A

plant or animal waste; manure, compost, alfalfa, clover, lentils, peas, etc

83
Q

inorganic fertilizer

A

chemical formulation of nutrients w/out organic components

84
Q

evaporative water loss

A

evaporation that depletes the soil’s water w/out serving the plants

85
Q

soil aeration

A

poreous soil that allows diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the spaces between

86
Q

soil structure

A

arrangement of soil particles (loose is better)

87
Q

splash erosion

A

caused by raindrops that dislodge particles and wash them into spaces, clogging pores and decreasing infiltration and aeration. Leads to run-off.

88
Q

sheet erosion

A

when decreased infiltration leads to run-off, sheet erosion carries away fine particles from the surface

89
Q

gully erosion

A

runoff coming together into streams, rivers, etc. with enough power to erode banks

90
Q

desert pavement

A

a thin layer of stones and gravel left when the wind carries away the fine particles on the top of the ground

91
Q

no-till agriculture

A
  • field sprayed with herbicide to kill weeds
  • planter cuts furrow through dead weeds, drops seeds, fertilizes, closes furrow
  • repeated at harvest
92
Q

low-till agriculture

A

one pass over field to plant and fertilize, instead of 6-12

93
Q

contour plowing

A

fields plowed and cultivated at right angles to slop, slowing downhill run-off

94
Q

shelter belts

A
  • rows of trees, periennials and/or shrubs planted beside fields to protect crops and livestock from wind and blowing snow
  • growing grass along waterways to filter runoff
95
Q

U.S. Natural Resource Conservation Service

A
  • (NRCS)
  • established after Dust Bowl
  • provides info re: soil and water conservation practices to farmers and others
  • tests and analyzes soil samples
  • inventories erosion losses
96
Q

Conservation Stewardship Program

A
  • NRCS program
  • provides info and support to ranchers about burning unwanted plants, reseeding, managing cattle before overgrazing
97
Q

sediments

A

eroding soil

98
Q

why soil is so important for all life

A
  • growth of plants
  • filters water
  • key role in nutrient cycle
  • home to 1/4 of world’s species
99
Q

5 soil conditions that affect plants

A
  1. salinity
  2. water-holding capacity
  3. aeration
  4. mineral holding capacity
  5. pH

SWAMP

100
Q

human practices that cause erosion

A
  • overcultivation
  • overgrazing
  • deforestation
101
Q

CAFO

A
  • concentrated animal feeding operations
  • negatives
    • pollution / fish die-off- no sewage treatment
    • disease
    • inhumane
    • high antibiotic use
102
Q

GM

A
  • genetically modified
  • transgenic
  • can use traits from different species
103
Q

benefits of modern food production

A
  • feeds the world
  • held back deforestation
  • reduced poverty
104
Q

costs of modern agriculture

A
  • many need extra water and/or fertilizer
  • monoculture (possible disaster w/ pests and disease)
  • loss of genetic diversity
105
Q

GMO benefits

A
  • more successful crops for developing nations
  • pest and disease resistence
  • increase tolerance to harsh conditions
  • improve nutritional value
106
Q

GMO problems

A
  • health risks (allergies, unexpected effects)
  • resistant pests
  • superweeds
  • nontarget effects
  • loss of biodiversity
  • increase in chemicals
  • access in the developing world (Big Seed co.)
107
Q

pros and cons of subsistence farming

A
  • pros
    • highly diverse ecosystem
    • sustainable at low populations
  • cons
    • live close to the edge
    • limited
    • usually too poor to pay for insurance, markets, technologies
108
Q

negative consequences of food aid

A

undercuts the local market

takes time to arrive

109
Q
A

Environmental Science (6 decks)

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