Exam 5 Terms and Names to Know Flashcards
the branch of psychology concerned with interaction between physical and psychological processes and with stages of growth from conception throughout the entire life span.
Developmental psychology
marked by strong emotion, especially anger, and is aimed at hurting another.
Impulsive aggression
states that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities.
Proximodistal principle
the crisis in later adulthood; resolving the crises at each of the earlier stages prepares the older adult to look back without regrets and to enjoy a sense of wholeness. When previous crises are left unresolved, aspirations remain unfulfilled, and the individual experiences futility, despair, and self-deprecation.
Ego integrity vs. despair
belief about the attributes and behaviors regarded as appropriate for males and females in a particular culture.
Gender stereotype
expectation that favors will be returned, if someone does something for another person that person should do something in return.
Reciprocity norm
a group with which people identify as members.
In group
environmental factors such as diseases and drugs that cause structural abnormalities in a developing fetus
Teratogen
this researcher examined how children respond to depth information. This research used an apparatus called a visual cliff. In their original research, this researcher demonstrated that children would readily leave the center board to crawl across the shallow end, but they were reluctant to crawl across the deep end.
Eleanor Gibson
this linguist argued that children are born with mental structures that facilitate the comprehension and production of language.
Noah Chomsky
the lifelong process whereby an individual’s behavioral patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives are shaped to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society.
Socialization
parents of this style make appropriate demands on their children (they demand that their children conform to appropriate rules of behavior), but are also responsive to their children.
Authoritative
during the elementary school years, the child who has successfully resolved the crises of the earlier stages is ready to go beyond random exploring and testing to the systematic development of competencies. Successful efforts in these pursuits (sports, etc.) lead to feelings of competence. Some youngsters, however, become spectators rather than performers or experience enough failure to give them a sense of inferiority.
Industry vs. Inferiority
in emergency situations, the larger the number of bystanders, the less responsibility any one of the bystanders feels to help.
Diffusion of responsibility
emotional relationship between a child and the regular caregiver.
Attachment
a social-cognitive approach to describing the ways the social perceiver uses information to generate causal explanations.
Attribution theory
This researcher proposed the self-perception theory.
Bem
people who agreed to small requests were more likely subsequently to agree to a bigger request.
Foot in the door technique
the development of processes of knowing, including imagining, perceiving, reasoning, and problem solving.
Cognitive development
formalized Heider’s line of thinking by specifying the variables that people use to make their attributions. He created the covariation model.
Harold Kelley
children of this attachment style become quite upset and anxious when the parent leaves; at reunion, they cannot be comforted, and they show anger and resistance to the parent but, at the same time, express a desire for contact.
Insecurely attached (anxious/ambivalent)
expertise in the fundamental pragmatics of life.
Wisdom
discrimination against people because of their sex.
Sexism
This term is used to describe the period of adolescence. This period is characterized by a teenager’s conflict with parents, mood disruptions, and engagement in risky behavior.
“Storm and stress”
one of the most important early social psychologists, created circumstances in which participants made judgments under conditions in which the physical reality was absolutely clear, but the rest of a group reported that they saw that reality differently.
Solomon Asch
the theory that the tension-producing effects of incongruous cognitions motivate individuals to reduce such tension.
Cognitive dissonance
the process by which people organize the social environment by categorizing themselves and others into groups.
Social categorization
minimal unit of speech in any given language that makes a meaningful difference in speech and production and reception.
Phoneme
prejudice that exists outside an individual’s conscious awareness.
Implicit prejudice
This type of primary attribution is due to something in the environment; situational attribution.
External attribution
an attribution bias in which people tend to take credit for their successes and deny responsibility for their failures.
Self-serving bias
one of the biologically based characteristics that distinguish males from females.
Sex differences
the chronological age at which most children show a particular level of physical or mental development.
Developmental age
the idea that people observe themselves to figure out the reasons they act as they do; people infer what their internal states are by perceiving how they are acting in a given situation.
Self-perception theory
the convergence of the expectations of a group of individuals into a common perspective as they talk and carry out activities together.
Norm crystallization
performing prosocial behaviors ultimately in one’s own self-interest
Egoism
refers to whether other people also produce the same behavior in the same situation.
Consensus
parents of this style are responsive, but they fail to help children learn about the structure of social rules in which they must live.
Indulgent
the study of the meanings of words and their changes over time.
Semantics
group effects that arise from individuals’ desire to be correct and right and to understand how best to act in a given situation.
Informational influence
Speech that sounds very much like a telegram, has words arranged in an order that makes sense, and contains almost all nouns and verbs. For example, a child at this stage of development who wants to get milk may say “get milk”, as opposed to saying just “milk”. As you can see, there are only two words, they are in an order that makes sense, there is one verb and one noun, and it sounds like a telegram.
Telegraphic speech
one’s sense of maleness or femaleness; usually includes awareness and acceptance of one’s biological sex.
Gender identity
the tendency of a decision-making group to filter out undesirable input so that a consensus may be reached, especially if it is in line with the leader’s viewpoint.
Groupthink
a prediction made about some future behavior ore event that modifies interactions so as to produce what is expected.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
parents of this style neither apply discipline nor are they responsive to their children’s individuality.
Neglecting
“birds of a feather flock together”
Similarity
children of this attachment style show some distress when the parent leaves the rom; seek proximity, comfort, and contact upon reunion; and then gradually return to play.
Securely attached
this researcher was trained by Sigmund Freud’s daughter, and proposed that every individual must successfully navigate a series of psychosocial stages, each of which presented a particular conflict or crisis.
Erik Erikson
This researcher worked with adolescents and discovered two types of parent-child relationships: autocratic and democratic
Elder
the single cell that results when a sperm fertilizes an egg.
Zygote
the continuing influence of heredity throughout development, the age-related physical and behavioral changes characteristic of a species.
Maturation
