Exam 1 Terms and Names To Know Flashcards
(111 cards)
the psychological perspective primarily concerned with observable behavior that can be objectively recorded and with the relationships of observable behavior to environmental stimuli.
Behaviorist perspective
improved memory for items at the end of a list.
Recency effect
a self-behavior that is identified through a participant’s own observations and reports.
Self-report measures
in an experimental setting, a variable that the researcher measures to assess the impact of a variation in an independent variable.
Dependent variable
a psychological model in which behavior is explained in terms of past experiences and motivational forces; actions are viewed as stemming from inherited instincts, biological drives, and attempts to resolve conflicts between personal needs and social requirements.
Psychodynamic perspective/view
provided evidence for the four components of working memory: a phonological loop, a visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the episodic buffer (2002, 2003).
Alan Baddeley
the experimenter creates cause, and effect is the participant’s response.
Cause and effect
a theory that suggests that the deeper the level at which information was processed, the more likely it is to be retained in memory.
Levels-of-processing theory
“recite the words in the order you heard them”
Serial recall
a group in an experiment that is exposed to a treatment or experiences a manipulation of the independent variable.
Experimental group
Canadian psychologist who first proposed the distinction between episodic and semantic types of declarative memories (1972).
Endel Tulving
process that requires attention; it is often difficult to carry out more than one controlled process at a time.
Controlled process
the perspective in psychology that strives to understand and treat issues of mental stability/mental illnesses.
Clinical perspective
availability of information through memory processes without conscious effort to encode or recover information.
Implicit uses of memory
the perspective that suggests that memory is best when the type of processing carried out at encoding matches the processes carried out at retrieval.
Transfer-appropriate processing
the form in which memory is stored in working memory (hearing in your head).
Acoustic code
extended the influence of behaviorism by expanding its analyses to the consequences of behaviors (1904-1940). Both Watson and Skinner believed that the basic processes they investigated with nonhuman animals represented general principles that would hold true for humans as well.
B.F. Skinner
a procedure by which participants have an equal likelihood of being assigned to any condition within an experiment.
Random assignment
German psychologist who pioneered the study of forgetting by serving as his own subject in a study involving lists of non-sense syllables—see book (1850-1909).
Hermann Ebbinghaus
people’s vivid and richly detailed memory in response to personal or public events that have great emotional significance.
Flashbulb memories
a characteristic of memory retrieval in which the recall of beginning and end items on a list is often better than recall of items appearing in the middle.
Serial position effect
member of a category that people have encountered.
Exemplar
the perspective on psychology that stresses human thought and the processes of knowing, such as attending, thinking, remembering, expecting, solving problems, fantasizing, and consciousness.
Cognitive perspective
the most common disease that affects memory function. In the earliest stages of Alzheimer’s disease, people often have difficulty retaining new information. As the disease progresses, the memory loss becomes much more extensive.
Alzheimer’s disease
