Exam 4 Terms and Names to Know Flashcards
mental disorder in which a person does not have signs of brain abnormalities and does not display grossly irrational thinking or violate basic norms but does experience subjective distress; a category dropped from DSM-III.
Neurotic disorder
the use of electroconvulsive shock as an effective treatment for severe depression.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
the part of an individual’s unconscious that is inherited, evolutionarily developed, and common to all members of the species.
Collective unconscious
a therapeutic approach that combines the cognitive emphasis on thoughts and attitudes with the behavioral emphasis on changing performance.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
this type of therapy is typically free, especially when they are not directed by a health-care professional, and they give people a chance to meet others with the same problems who are surviving and sometimes thriving.
Support group
episodes of depression or mania tend to occur at the same time each year; depression is more common in the winter
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
derived just three broad dimensions from personality test data: extraversion (internally versus externally oriented), neuroticism (emotionally stable versus emotionally unstable), and psychoticism (kind and considerate versus aggressive and antisocial)
Hans Eyesnck
a dissociative mental disorder in which two or more distinct personalities exist within the same individual; formerly known as multiple personality disorder.
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
the pattern of specific and nonspecific responses an organism makes to stimulus events that disturb its equilibrium and tax or exceed its ability to cope.
Stress
designed to assess personality characteristics in nonclinical adult populations, it measures the five-factor model of personality.
NEO-PI
the negative reaction of people to an individual or group because of some assumed inferiority or source of difference that is degraded.
Stigma
this approach is useful for managing the impact of more uncontrollable stressors.
Emotion-focused coping
the movement to treat people with psychological disorders in the community rather than in psychiatric hospitals.
Deinstitutionalization
the experience of more than one disorder at the same time.
Comorbidity
the improvement of some mental patients and clients in psychotherapy without any professional intervention; a baseline criterion against which the effectiveness of therapies must be assessed.
Spontaneous remission
the components that psychotherapies share that contribute to therapeutic effectiveness.
Common factors
distress or disability; maladaptiveness; irrationality; unpredictability; unconventionality or statistical rarity; observer discomfort; violation of moral and ideal standards.
Abnormal criteria
therapy that focuses on ways to unite mind and body to make a person whole.
Gestalt therapy
in this type of therapy the client is a whole nuclear family, and each family member is treated as a member of a system of relationships.
Family therapy
a comprehensive descriptive personality system that maps out the relationships among common traits, theoretical concepts, and personality scales; informally called the Big Five.
Five-factor model/Big Five
a leading researcher on depression, he developed the theory of cognitive sets. He argued that depressed people have three types of negative cognitions, which he calls the cognitive triad: negative views of themselves, negative views of ongoing experiences, and negative views of the future.
Aaron Beck
an anxiety disorder that is characterized by the persistent re-experience of those traumatic events through distressing recollections, dreams, hallucinations, or flashbacks.
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder)
a hypothesis about the cause of certain disorders, such as schizophrenia, that suggests that genetic factors predispose an individual to a certain disorder but that environmental stress factors must impinge in order for the potential risk to manifest itself.
Diathesis stress hypothesis
a type of behavioral therapy used to treat individuals attracted to harmful stimuli; an attractive stimulus is paired with a noxious stimulus in order to elicit a negative reaction to the target stimulus.
Aversion therapy
a generalized evaluative attitude toward the self that influences both moods and behavior and that exerts a powerful effect on a range of personal and social behaviors.
Self-esteem
a general pattern of non-responding in the presence of noxious stimuli that often follows after an organism has previously experienced non-contingent, inescapable aversive stimuli.
Learned helplessness
complete love and acceptance of an individual by another person, such as a parent for a child, with no conditions attached.
Unconditional positive regard
severe form of psychopathology characterized by the breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, and disturbed thought processes.
Schizophrenic disorder
the major feature of this subtype of schizophrenia is a disruption in motor activity. Sometimes people with this disorder seem frozen in a stupor.
Catatonic type
people who believe more strongly that outcomes of their actions are contingent on what they do
Internals
an anxiety disorder in which an individual feels anxious and worried most of the time for at least six months when not threatened by any specific danger or object.
Generalized anxiety disorder
a person’s mental model of his or her typical behaviors.
Self-concept
focused his theory on expectancy, which is the extent to which people believe that their behaviors in particular situations will bring about rewards.
Julian Rotter
disruptions in emotional, behavioral, or though processes that lead to personal distress or block one’s ability to achieve important goals.
Psychopathological functioning
conceptualization of the self as part of an encompassing social relationship; recognizing that one’s behavior is determined, contingent on, and, to a large extent, organized by what the actor perceived to be the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others.
Interdependent construal of self
a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that attempts to change feelings and behaviors by changing the way a client thinks about or perceives significant life experiences.
Cognitive therapy
he developed the rational-emotional therapy.
Albert Ellis
a concept of Albert Bandura’s social-learning theory that refers to the notion that a complex reciprocal interaction exists among the individual, his or her behavior, and environmental stimuli and that each of these components affects the others.
Reciprocal determinism
a developmental disorder characterized by severe disruption of children’s ability to form social bonds and use language.
Autistic disorder
a transient state of arousal with typically clear onset and offset patterns.
Acute stress
a comprehensive system of personality change based on changing irrational beliefs that cause undesirable, highly charged emotional reactions such as severe anxiety.
Rational emotive therapy (RET)
an intense emotional response caused by the preconscious recognition that a repressed conflict is about to emerge into consciousness.
Anxiety
he observed that the nervous system cannot be relaxed and agitated at the same time because incompatible processes cannot be activated simultaneously.
Joseph Wolpe
a component of bipolar disorder characterized by periods of extreme elation, unbounded euphoria without sufficient reason, and grandiose thoughts or feelings about personal abilities.
Manic episode (mania)
