exam 5 (new material for final) Flashcards
1
Q
Which chemical is the primary regulator of pancreatic duct cells?
A
secretin
2
Q
What is the primary stimulator of chief cells?
A
acetylcholine
3
Q
Pepsin only becomes active in the stomach when the pH is less than
A
3.5
4
Q
Pepsinogen can spontaneously breakdown into pepsin when the pH is less than
A
5
5
Q
parotid salivary gland - what type of secretions
A
serous
6
Q
sublingual salivary gland - what type of secretions
A
mucinous
7
Q
submandibular salivary gland - what type of secretions
A
mixed
8
Q
In the digestive system, ENaC is primarily found in the
A
distal colon
9
Q
Most absorption of sodium using nutrient cotransporters happens in the (what part of digestive system)
A
jejunum
10
Q
Most absorption of sodium using sodium-hydrogen exchangers happens in the (what part of digestive system)
A
jejunum
11
Q
Which nutrient(s) has/have the slowest absorption rate in the intestines?
A
lipids
12
Q
what enzymes are on the small intestine brush border
A
sucrase
isomaltase
lactase
glucoamylase
13
Q
What ducts become the uterus, Fallopian tubes and inner vagina?
A
Mullerian ducts
14
Q
You would expect phase I transformation to occur primarily in zone _____ of a portal acinus.
A
I
15
Q
The fluid in the lumen of a seminiferous tubule is secreted by
A
Sertoli cells
16
Q
About ______ percent of the water secreted by hepatocytes with the bile salts is removed in the gallbladder.
A
90
17
Q
Approximately how many spermatozoa are produced each day?
A
30,000,000 (30 million)
18
Q
T OR F: Most of the oocytes that are present at birth will die before puberty.
A
true
19
Q
Emission is caused by: (peristalsis or fluid pressure)
A
peristalsis
20
Q
The concentration of sperm is highest in the
A
epididymis
21
Q
Seminal vesicles are innervated by the
A
sympathetic nervous system
22
Q
what would you NOT find in a pre-pubescent ovary
A
Graafian follicles
corpora lutea
23
Q
T OR F: proteases are always released from cells as zymogens
A
true
24
Q
T OR F: pepsin can catalyze its own production
A
true
25
T OR F: pepsin can create individual amino acids
false
26
the exocrine function of the pancreas involves the
acini
27
digestive enzymes are released by ___ cells in the pancreas
acinar
28
which cells produce cholecystokinin
I cells
29
which cells produce secretin
S cells
30
the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion is primarily dependent on
acetylcholine
31
saliva is ___tonic
hypo
32
which branch of nervous system is primary regulator of salivation
parasympathetic
33
T OR F: aldosterone increases sodium absorption in the gut
true
34
T OR F: fiber is an important energy source in humans
false
35
what enzyme is NOT normally expressed in adult humans
lactase
36
transport of glucose and galactose across the apical membrane of enterocytes is (active or passive?)
active
37
absorption of peptones across the apical membrane of enterocytes is (active or passive?)
active
38
absorption of amino acids across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes is (active or passive?)
passive
39
T OR F: there are peptidases on the brush border and in the intracellular space of enterocytes
true
40
T OR F: there are brush border enzymes for the digestion of fats
false
41
T OR F: colipase is an enzyme
false
42
T OR F: monoglycerides and free fatty acids are transported in chylomicrons out of the enterocyte
false
43
T OR F: heme iron is more bioavailable than ionic iron
true
44
T OR F: the SRY gene is expressed throughout life in a person with a Y chromosome and testes
false
45
T OR F: ionized iron is toxic in the body
true
46
the amount of iron in the body is regulated by regulating the ___
absorption of iron
47
T OR F: most trace minerals are absorbed in the same way that iron is absorbed in an enterocyte
true
48
T OR F: hepatic sinusoids have a lower oxygen concentration than most systemic capillaries
true
49
which portal acinar zone has the most oxygen available
zone I
50
the bile canaliculi are formed by the ___ membrane of hepatocytes
apical
51
T OR F: the liver production of bile is regulated by the presence of lipids in the duodenum
false
52
sperm moves from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis by
fluid pressure
53
emission and ejaculation are dependent on the ___ nervous system
sympathetic
54
T OR F: there are no oogonia in a female baby at birth
true
55
T OR F: most of the oocytes present at puberty will be ovulated
false
56
two graafian follicles are necessary to have ____ twins
fraternal
57
in early secondary follicles, luteinizing hormone acts on
theca cells
58
in early secondary follicles, follicle stimulating hormone acts on
granulosa cells
59
granulosa cells in dominant follicles express ___ which are not expressed by these cells in less developed follicles
luteinizing hormone receptors
60
T OR F: salivary alveolar cells secrete an isotonic saline
true
61
T OR F: secretion of fluid in salivary alveolar cells involves the same mechanisms as in pancreatic acinar cells
true
62
T OR F: the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion is stimulated by and has the same mech. as the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion
true
63
sympathetic nervous system tends to ____ salivation
increase
64
T OR F: you can remove 80% of the pancreas and still have normal digestion
true
65
T OR F: water and electrolytes are absorbed in both the small and large intestine
true
66
more fluid is secreted by acinar or duct cells?
duct cells
67
does saliva contain more sodium and chloride OR potassium and bicarbonate
potassium and bicarbonate
68
which cholinergic receptor is found on chief cells
M3 muscarinic receptors
69
activation of pancreatic acinar secretagogue receptors leads to phosphorylation and increased permeability of which two channels
apical Cl- channel
basolateral K+ channel
70
what is the primary stimulus for secretin secretion
acid in the duodenum
71
what is the primary stimulus for cholecystokinin secretion
lipids and peptones in the duodenum
72
what are the three salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
73
which nerve innervates the parotid salivary gland
glossopharyngeal nerve
74
which nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
facial nerve
75
what four digestive enzymes/types of enzymes are produced by the pancreas
lipase
proteases
amylases
nucleases
76
what are the two secretagogues for salivary alveolar cell fluid secretion and what receptor does each act on (and which is primary secretagogue)
epinephrine (alpha 1)
acetylcholine (M3) - primary
77
three endogenous chemicals that can stimulate bicarbonate ion secretion into the mucus layer of the stomach
prostaglandins
acid
acetylcholine
78
four endogenous chemicals that stimulate mucus secretion in the stomach
prostaglandins
acid
pepsin
acetylcholine
79
two primary purposes of the fluid secreted by the pancreatic duct cells
neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum
provides fluid pressure for bulk flow into the duodenum
80
three phases of pancreatic secretion in response to a meal and what percent of total enzyme secreted is released in each
cephalic - 25%
gastric - 5-10%
intestinal - 50-80%
81
four primary purposes of saliva
lubricant for swallowing and mastication
prevents dehydration of oral mucosa
taste (dissolves substances)
oral hygiene
82
what is a zymogen
inactive (precursor) digestive enzyme
83
all the ways prostaglandins act to protect the stomach and duodenum from acid damage
inhibit acid secretion directly
inhibit secretion of histamine and gastrin
stimulates mucus and bicarb ion secretion in the stomach
stimulates bicarb ion secretion in duodenum
84
two primary secretagogues for pancreatic acinar cells - what receptor and type of receptor
acetylcholine - M3 - Gq PCR
cholecystokinin - CCKA - Gq PCR
85
two primary secretagogues for pancreatic duct cells - what receptor and type of receptor
acetylcholine - M3 - Gq PCR
secretin - secretin receptor - Gs PCR
86
T or F: chloride absorption is closely linked with sodium absorption in the intestines
true
87
T or F: excess amino acids in our diet are converted to glucose
true
88
T or F: excess fatty acids in our diet are converted to glucose
false - ketones
89
fats are absorbed into ___ in the small intestine
lacteals
90
T or F: oligopeptides can be transported across the apical membrane of enterocytes
true
91
T or F: all nutrients absorbed from the intestines other than fat go to the liver before entering general circulation
true
92
T or F: there are no absorptive process for the macronutrients in the large intestine
true
93
transport of fructose across the apical membrane of enterocytes is (active or passive?)
passive
94
transport of monosaccharides across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes is (active or passive>)
passive
95
most chemical digestion occurs in the
small intestine
96
in the post-prandial period, absorption of sodium in the small intestine is primarily through
nutrient cotransport
97
in the interdigestive period, absorption of sodium in the small intestine is primarily through
parallel sodium-hydrogen exchange and chloride-bicarbonate ion exchange
98
which of following are electrogenic sodium absorption processes:
ENaC
nutrient cotransport
parallel sodium-hydrogen exchange and chloride-bicarbonate ion exchange
sodium-hydrogen exchange alone
ENaC
nutrient cotransport
99
amylase can break what linkages
alpha-1,4 glucose linkages adjacent to other alpha-1,4 glucose linkages
100
glucoamylase can break what linkages
alpha-1,4 glucose linkages adjacent to other alpha-1,4 glucose linkages
terminal alpha-1,4 glucose linkages
101
isomaltase can break what linkages
alpha-1,4 glucose linkages adjacent to other alpha-1,4 glucose linkages
terminal alpha-1,4 glucose linkages
alpha-1,4 adjacent to alpha-1,6
alpha-1,6
102
what substances can generate individual amino acids
brush border peptidases
carboxypeptidase
intracellular peptidases
103
what substances can generate individual amino acids
brush border peptidases
carboxypeptidase
intracellular peptidases
104
what protein transports sodium across basolateral membrane of enterocytes
Na+/K+ pump
105
starch is a polymer of what monosaccharide
glucose
106
what protein transports glucose and galactose across the apical membrane of enterocytes
SGLT-1
107
which is the largest water-soluble vitamin humans need
vitamin B12
108
what protein transports fructose across apical membrane of enterocytes
GLUT-5
109
what protein transports monosaccharides across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes
GLUT-2
110
what protein helps increase rate of fat digestion by holding lipase near fat droplet
colipase
111
how do monoglcyerine and free fatty acids get across apical membrane of enterocytes
simple difusion
112
what two monosaccharides form sucrose
glucose and fructose
113
what two monosaccharides form lactose
glucose and galactose
114
three products of amylopectin digestion by amylase
maltose
maltotriose
alpha-limited dextrose
115
what are the three pancreatic peptidases
trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
116
what are three components of chylomicrons
triglycerides
phospholipids
proteins
117
most of the bile salts that are secreted by the liver are
recycled bile salts
118
the bilirubin produced by the spleen is very hydro___
hydrophobic
119
liver damage can cause urine to be __ yellow
lighter yellow
120
most of the biotransformation done by hepatocytes makes molecules more
polar
121
what ducts become the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct
the Wolffian ducts
122
which has a higher affinity for the androgen receptor, dihydrotestosterone or testosterone
dihydrotestosterone
123
which is the default sex
female
124
liver excretes substances by secreting them into
bile
125
what is the name of the protein that iron binds to in enterocytes
mobilferrin
126
What are the resident macrophages of the liver called
Kupffer cells
127
what is the primary precursor molecule for the production of bile salts
cholesterol
128
name of the protein that iron binds to in the blood
transferrin
129
what gene is responsible for the development of a testis
SRY gene
130
what hormone is secreted by embryotic Sertoli cells
Anti-Mullerian hormone (Mullerian-inhibiting substance)
131
hormone secreted by Leydig cells
testosterone
132
what do bile duct cells secrete
NaHCO3
133
how long does it take for a primary spermatocyte to become a spermatozoon
64 days
134
if sphincter of Oddi is closed, where does the bile produced by the liver go
gallbladder
135
what is the main purpose of bile
emulsify fats
136
what hormone is needed for the development of the penis, scrotum, and prostate gland
dihydrotestosterone
137
what is the name of the female gonad, and what does it produce
ovary - estrogen, progesterone, ova
138
what is the name of the male gonad, what does it produce
testis - testosterone, sperm
139
what are two effects of cholecystokinin related to bile secretion
contracts the gallbladder
relaxes the sphincter of Oddi
140
most phase I transformations in hepatocytes are catalyzed by which class of enzymes
what reaction is catalyzed by these enzymes
cytochrome P-450
add an oxygen atom to a hydrogen to make a hydroxyl group
141
the two axes of a portal acinus are formed by connecting which structures?
between two portal triads
between two central veins
142
which cells are found in the space of Disse in the liver and what is their function
stellate cells - store vitamin A
143
what happens in a phase II transformation in hepatocytes
conjugate larger polar chemicals to the products of phase I transformation
144
six functions of the liver
which is the only digestive function
makes bile (only digestive function)
storage of nutrients
interconversion of nutrients
detoxification
phagocytosis
synthesis of blood components - proteins
145
approx how many follicles will be sensitive to pituitary hormones at the beginning of menstrual cycle
10-25
146
if there is no fertilization, about how long does a corpus luteum last
10-14 days
147
what hormones are produced by granulosa cells
estrogens, inhibin, a little progesterone
148
what hormones are produced by theca cells
a little progesterone, androstenedione
149
what hormones are produced by luteal cells
estrogens, progesterone, inhibin
150
luteal cells develop from which two cell types
granulosa cells and theca cells
151
what are the two primary active hormones that are produced from testosterone in the male and what enzyme is necessary to produce each
dihydrotestosterone - 5alpha-reductase
estradiol - aromatase
152
when does the first meiotic division of oogenesis occur
just before ovulation
153
when does second meiotic division of oogenesis occur
just after fertilization
154
production of estradiol in the follicle
theca cells convert cholesterol into androstenedione, diffuses to the granulosa cells
aromatase of granulosa cells convert androstenedione into estrogens
155
seven ovarian results of LH surge
stimulate granulosa cells to stimulate oocyte to complete first meiotic division
increase blood flow to dominant follicle
increases size of follicular antrum
granulosa cells secrete enzymes to digest wall of follicle and ovary
granulosa cells secrete prostaglandins that stimulate smooth muscle contract
decrease estrogen production
increase progesterone production
156
T OR F: as the cells divide in zygote before 6 days after fertilization, the overall size of the zygote increases
false
157
T OR F: sperm can stay viable for up to 10 days or more in the female reproductive tract
true
158
process that occurs in oviduct that enables sperm to fertilize an oocyte is called
capacitation
159
what specific layer of uterus sloughs off during menses
stratum functionalis of endometrium
160
what tissue is precursor of bone for most bones
cartilage
161
what event corresponds the switch from proliferative to secretory phase
ovulation
162
what hormone exerts a permissive effect for progesterone
estrogen
163
usual range of vol of blood lost during menstruation
50-150 mL
164
what structure is altered after one sperm enters the oocyte that prevents other sperm from entering
zona pellucida
165
what is in the secretions of uterine glands
glycogen
mucopolysaccharides
glycoproteins
166
what is present in acrosome and what is the purpose
enzymes that digest through the zona pellucida
167
what can cause morning sickness in pregnant individuals
changes in hormones
168
three phases of menstrual cycle in the uterus in order from short to longest
menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase
169
what is gastrulation
inner cell mass of the conceptus develops 3 layers and becomes 3D
