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BIOL 322 > exam 5 (new material for final) > Flashcards

exam 5 (new material for final) Flashcards

1
Q

Which chemical is the primary regulator of pancreatic duct cells?

A

secretin

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2
Q

What is the primary stimulator of chief cells?

A

acetylcholine

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3
Q

Pepsin only becomes active in the stomach when the pH is less than

A

3.5

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4
Q

Pepsinogen can spontaneously breakdown into pepsin when the pH is less than

A

5

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5
Q

parotid salivary gland - what type of secretions

A

serous

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6
Q

sublingual salivary gland - what type of secretions

A

mucinous

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7
Q

submandibular salivary gland - what type of secretions

A

mixed

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8
Q

In the digestive system, ENaC is primarily found in the

A

distal colon

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9
Q

Most absorption of sodium using nutrient cotransporters happens in the (what part of digestive system)

A

jejunum

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10
Q

Most absorption of sodium using sodium-hydrogen exchangers happens in the (what part of digestive system)

A

jejunum

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11
Q

Which nutrient(s) has/have the slowest absorption rate in the intestines?

A

lipids

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12
Q

what enzymes are on the small intestine brush border

A

sucrase
isomaltase
lactase
glucoamylase

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13
Q

What ducts become the uterus, Fallopian tubes and inner vagina?

A

Mullerian ducts

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14
Q

You would expect phase I transformation to occur primarily in zone _____ of a portal acinus.

A

I

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15
Q

The fluid in the lumen of a seminiferous tubule is secreted by

A

Sertoli cells

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16
Q

About ______ percent of the water secreted by hepatocytes with the bile salts is removed in the gallbladder.

A

90

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17
Q

Approximately how many spermatozoa are produced each day?

A

30,000,000 (30 million)

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18
Q

T OR F: Most of the oocytes that are present at birth will die before puberty.

A

true

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19
Q

Emission is caused by: (peristalsis or fluid pressure)

A

peristalsis

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20
Q

The concentration of sperm is highest in the

A

epididymis

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21
Q

Seminal vesicles are innervated by the

A

sympathetic nervous system

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22
Q

what would you NOT find in a pre-pubescent ovary

A

Graafian follicles
corpora lutea

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23
Q

T OR F: proteases are always released from cells as zymogens

A

true

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24
Q

T OR F: pepsin can catalyze its own production

A

true

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25
Q

T OR F: pepsin can create individual amino acids

A

false

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26
Q

the exocrine function of the pancreas involves the

A

acini

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27
Q

digestive enzymes are released by ___ cells in the pancreas

A

acinar

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28
Q

which cells produce cholecystokinin

A

I cells

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29
Q

which cells produce secretin

A

S cells

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30
Q

the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion is primarily dependent on

A

acetylcholine

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31
Q

saliva is ___tonic

A

hypo

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32
Q

which branch of nervous system is primary regulator of salivation

A

parasympathetic

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33
Q

T OR F: aldosterone increases sodium absorption in the gut

A

true

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34
Q

T OR F: fiber is an important energy source in humans

A

false

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35
Q

what enzyme is NOT normally expressed in adult humans

A

lactase

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36
Q

transport of glucose and galactose across the apical membrane of enterocytes is (active or passive?)

A

active

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37
Q

absorption of peptones across the apical membrane of enterocytes is (active or passive?)

A

active

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38
Q

absorption of amino acids across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes is (active or passive?)

A

passive

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39
Q

T OR F: there are peptidases on the brush border and in the intracellular space of enterocytes

A

true

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40
Q

T OR F: there are brush border enzymes for the digestion of fats

A

false

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41
Q

T OR F: colipase is an enzyme

A

false

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42
Q

T OR F: monoglycerides and free fatty acids are transported in chylomicrons out of the enterocyte

A

false

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43
Q

T OR F: heme iron is more bioavailable than ionic iron

A

true

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44
Q

T OR F: the SRY gene is expressed throughout life in a person with a Y chromosome and testes

A

false

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45
Q

T OR F: ionized iron is toxic in the body

A

true

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46
Q

the amount of iron in the body is regulated by regulating the ___

A

absorption of iron

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47
Q

T OR F: most trace minerals are absorbed in the same way that iron is absorbed in an enterocyte

A

true

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48
Q

T OR F: hepatic sinusoids have a lower oxygen concentration than most systemic capillaries

A

true

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49
Q

which portal acinar zone has the most oxygen available

A

zone I

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50
Q

the bile canaliculi are formed by the ___ membrane of hepatocytes

A

apical

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51
Q

T OR F: the liver production of bile is regulated by the presence of lipids in the duodenum

A

false

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52
Q

sperm moves from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis by

A

fluid pressure

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53
Q

emission and ejaculation are dependent on the ___ nervous system

A

sympathetic

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54
Q

T OR F: there are no oogonia in a female baby at birth

A

true

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55
Q

T OR F: most of the oocytes present at puberty will be ovulated

A

false

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56
Q

two graafian follicles are necessary to have ____ twins

A

fraternal

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57
Q

in early secondary follicles, luteinizing hormone acts on

A

theca cells

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58
Q

in early secondary follicles, follicle stimulating hormone acts on

A

granulosa cells

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59
Q

granulosa cells in dominant follicles express ___ which are not expressed by these cells in less developed follicles

A

luteinizing hormone receptors

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60
Q

T OR F: salivary alveolar cells secrete an isotonic saline

A

true

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61
Q

T OR F: secretion of fluid in salivary alveolar cells involves the same mechanisms as in pancreatic acinar cells

A

true

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62
Q

T OR F: the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion is stimulated by and has the same mech. as the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion

A

true

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63
Q

sympathetic nervous system tends to ____ salivation

A

increase

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64
Q

T OR F: you can remove 80% of the pancreas and still have normal digestion

A

true

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65
Q

T OR F: water and electrolytes are absorbed in both the small and large intestine

A

true

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66
Q

more fluid is secreted by acinar or duct cells?

A

duct cells

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67
Q

does saliva contain more sodium and chloride OR potassium and bicarbonate

A

potassium and bicarbonate

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68
Q

which cholinergic receptor is found on chief cells

A

M3 muscarinic receptors

69
Q

activation of pancreatic acinar secretagogue receptors leads to phosphorylation and increased permeability of which two channels

A

apical Cl- channel
basolateral K+ channel

70
Q

what is the primary stimulus for secretin secretion

A

acid in the duodenum

71
Q

what is the primary stimulus for cholecystokinin secretion

A

lipids and peptones in the duodenum

72
Q

what are the three salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

73
Q

which nerve innervates the parotid salivary gland

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

74
Q

which nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

A

facial nerve

75
Q

what four digestive enzymes/types of enzymes are produced by the pancreas

A

lipase
proteases
amylases
nucleases

76
Q

what are the two secretagogues for salivary alveolar cell fluid secretion and what receptor does each act on (and which is primary secretagogue)

A

epinephrine (alpha 1)
acetylcholine (M3) - primary

77
Q

three endogenous chemicals that can stimulate bicarbonate ion secretion into the mucus layer of the stomach

A

prostaglandins
acid
acetylcholine

78
Q

four endogenous chemicals that stimulate mucus secretion in the stomach

A

prostaglandins
acid
pepsin
acetylcholine

79
Q

two primary purposes of the fluid secreted by the pancreatic duct cells

A

neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum
provides fluid pressure for bulk flow into the duodenum

80
Q

three phases of pancreatic secretion in response to a meal and what percent of total enzyme secreted is released in each

A

cephalic - 25%
gastric - 5-10%
intestinal - 50-80%

81
Q

four primary purposes of saliva

A

lubricant for swallowing and mastication
prevents dehydration of oral mucosa
taste (dissolves substances)
oral hygiene

82
Q

what is a zymogen

A

inactive (precursor) digestive enzyme

83
Q

all the ways prostaglandins act to protect the stomach and duodenum from acid damage

A

inhibit acid secretion directly
inhibit secretion of histamine and gastrin
stimulates mucus and bicarb ion secretion in the stomach
stimulates bicarb ion secretion in duodenum

84
Q

two primary secretagogues for pancreatic acinar cells - what receptor and type of receptor

A

acetylcholine - M3 - Gq PCR
cholecystokinin - CCKA - Gq PCR

85
Q

two primary secretagogues for pancreatic duct cells - what receptor and type of receptor

A

acetylcholine - M3 - Gq PCR
secretin - secretin receptor - Gs PCR

86
Q

T or F: chloride absorption is closely linked with sodium absorption in the intestines

A

true

87
Q

T or F: excess amino acids in our diet are converted to glucose

A

true

88
Q

T or F: excess fatty acids in our diet are converted to glucose

A

false - ketones

89
Q

fats are absorbed into ___ in the small intestine

A

lacteals

90
Q

T or F: oligopeptides can be transported across the apical membrane of enterocytes

A

true

91
Q

T or F: all nutrients absorbed from the intestines other than fat go to the liver before entering general circulation

A

true

92
Q

T or F: there are no absorptive process for the macronutrients in the large intestine

A

true

93
Q

transport of fructose across the apical membrane of enterocytes is (active or passive?)

A

passive

94
Q

transport of monosaccharides across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes is (active or passive>)

A

passive

95
Q

most chemical digestion occurs in the

A

small intestine

96
Q

in the post-prandial period, absorption of sodium in the small intestine is primarily through

A

nutrient cotransport

97
Q

in the interdigestive period, absorption of sodium in the small intestine is primarily through

A

parallel sodium-hydrogen exchange and chloride-bicarbonate ion exchange

98
Q

which of following are electrogenic sodium absorption processes:
ENaC
nutrient cotransport
parallel sodium-hydrogen exchange and chloride-bicarbonate ion exchange
sodium-hydrogen exchange alone

A

ENaC
nutrient cotransport

99
Q

amylase can break what linkages

A

alpha-1,4 glucose linkages adjacent to other alpha-1,4 glucose linkages

100
Q

glucoamylase can break what linkages

A

alpha-1,4 glucose linkages adjacent to other alpha-1,4 glucose linkages
terminal alpha-1,4 glucose linkages

101
Q

isomaltase can break what linkages

A

alpha-1,4 glucose linkages adjacent to other alpha-1,4 glucose linkages
terminal alpha-1,4 glucose linkages
alpha-1,4 adjacent to alpha-1,6
alpha-1,6

102
Q

what substances can generate individual amino acids

A

brush border peptidases
carboxypeptidase
intracellular peptidases

103
Q

what substances can generate individual amino acids

A

brush border peptidases
carboxypeptidase
intracellular peptidases

104
Q

what protein transports sodium across basolateral membrane of enterocytes

A

Na+/K+ pump

105
Q

starch is a polymer of what monosaccharide

A

glucose

106
Q

what protein transports glucose and galactose across the apical membrane of enterocytes

A

SGLT-1

107
Q

which is the largest water-soluble vitamin humans need

A

vitamin B12

108
Q

what protein transports fructose across apical membrane of enterocytes

A

GLUT-5

109
Q

what protein transports monosaccharides across the basolateral membrane of enterocytes

A

GLUT-2

110
Q

what protein helps increase rate of fat digestion by holding lipase near fat droplet

A

colipase

111
Q

how do monoglcyerine and free fatty acids get across apical membrane of enterocytes

A

simple difusion

112
Q

what two monosaccharides form sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

113
Q

what two monosaccharides form lactose

A

glucose and galactose

114
Q

three products of amylopectin digestion by amylase

A

maltose
maltotriose
alpha-limited dextrose

115
Q

what are the three pancreatic peptidases

A

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase

116
Q

what are three components of chylomicrons

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
proteins

117
Q

most of the bile salts that are secreted by the liver are

A

recycled bile salts

118
Q

the bilirubin produced by the spleen is very hydro___

A

hydrophobic

119
Q

liver damage can cause urine to be __ yellow

A

lighter yellow

120
Q

most of the biotransformation done by hepatocytes makes molecules more

A

polar

121
Q

what ducts become the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct

A

the Wolffian ducts

122
Q

which has a higher affinity for the androgen receptor, dihydrotestosterone or testosterone

A

dihydrotestosterone

123
Q

which is the default sex

A

female

124
Q

liver excretes substances by secreting them into

A

bile

125
Q

what is the name of the protein that iron binds to in enterocytes

A

mobilferrin

126
Q

What are the resident macrophages of the liver called

A

Kupffer cells

127
Q

what is the primary precursor molecule for the production of bile salts

A

cholesterol

128
Q

name of the protein that iron binds to in the blood

A

transferrin

129
Q

what gene is responsible for the development of a testis

A

SRY gene

130
Q

what hormone is secreted by embryotic Sertoli cells

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone (Mullerian-inhibiting substance)

131
Q

hormone secreted by Leydig cells

A

testosterone

132
Q

what do bile duct cells secrete

A

NaHCO3

133
Q

how long does it take for a primary spermatocyte to become a spermatozoon

A

64 days

134
Q

if sphincter of Oddi is closed, where does the bile produced by the liver go

A

gallbladder

135
Q

what is the main purpose of bile

A

emulsify fats

136
Q

what hormone is needed for the development of the penis, scrotum, and prostate gland

A

dihydrotestosterone

137
Q

what is the name of the female gonad, and what does it produce

A

ovary - estrogen, progesterone, ova

138
Q

what is the name of the male gonad, what does it produce

A

testis - testosterone, sperm

139
Q

what are two effects of cholecystokinin related to bile secretion

A

contracts the gallbladder
relaxes the sphincter of Oddi

140
Q

most phase I transformations in hepatocytes are catalyzed by which class of enzymes
what reaction is catalyzed by these enzymes

A

cytochrome P-450
add an oxygen atom to a hydrogen to make a hydroxyl group

141
Q

the two axes of a portal acinus are formed by connecting which structures?

A

between two portal triads
between two central veins

142
Q

which cells are found in the space of Disse in the liver and what is their function

A

stellate cells - store vitamin A

143
Q

what happens in a phase II transformation in hepatocytes

A

conjugate larger polar chemicals to the products of phase I transformation

144
Q

six functions of the liver
which is the only digestive function

A

makes bile (only digestive function)
storage of nutrients
interconversion of nutrients
detoxification
phagocytosis
synthesis of blood components - proteins

145
Q

approx how many follicles will be sensitive to pituitary hormones at the beginning of menstrual cycle

A

10-25

146
Q

if there is no fertilization, about how long does a corpus luteum last

A

10-14 days

147
Q

what hormones are produced by granulosa cells

A

estrogens, inhibin, a little progesterone

148
Q

what hormones are produced by theca cells

A

a little progesterone, androstenedione

149
Q

what hormones are produced by luteal cells

A

estrogens, progesterone, inhibin

150
Q

luteal cells develop from which two cell types

A

granulosa cells and theca cells

151
Q

what are the two primary active hormones that are produced from testosterone in the male and what enzyme is necessary to produce each

A

dihydrotestosterone - 5alpha-reductase
estradiol - aromatase

152
Q

when does the first meiotic division of oogenesis occur

A

just before ovulation

153
Q

when does second meiotic division of oogenesis occur

A

just after fertilization

154
Q

production of estradiol in the follicle

A

theca cells convert cholesterol into androstenedione, diffuses to the granulosa cells
aromatase of granulosa cells convert androstenedione into estrogens

155
Q

seven ovarian results of LH surge

A

stimulate granulosa cells to stimulate oocyte to complete first meiotic division
increase blood flow to dominant follicle
increases size of follicular antrum
granulosa cells secrete enzymes to digest wall of follicle and ovary
granulosa cells secrete prostaglandins that stimulate smooth muscle contract
decrease estrogen production
increase progesterone production

156
Q

T OR F: as the cells divide in zygote before 6 days after fertilization, the overall size of the zygote increases

A

false

157
Q

T OR F: sperm can stay viable for up to 10 days or more in the female reproductive tract

A

true

158
Q

process that occurs in oviduct that enables sperm to fertilize an oocyte is called

A

capacitation

159
Q

what specific layer of uterus sloughs off during menses

A

stratum functionalis of endometrium

160
Q

what tissue is precursor of bone for most bones

A

cartilage

161
Q

what event corresponds the switch from proliferative to secretory phase

A

ovulation

162
Q

what hormone exerts a permissive effect for progesterone

A

estrogen

163
Q

usual range of vol of blood lost during menstruation

A

50-150 mL

164
Q

what structure is altered after one sperm enters the oocyte that prevents other sperm from entering

A

zona pellucida

165
Q

what is in the secretions of uterine glands

A

glycogen
mucopolysaccharides
glycoproteins

166
Q

what is present in acrosome and what is the purpose

A

enzymes that digest through the zona pellucida

167
Q

what can cause morning sickness in pregnant individuals

A

changes in hormones

168
Q

three phases of menstrual cycle in the uterus in order from short to longest

A

menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase

169
Q

what is gastrulation

A

inner cell mass of the conceptus develops 3 layers and becomes 3D

BIOL 322 (4 decks)

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