exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
where is most of the iron in your body?
A
in red blood cells, bound to hemoglobin
2
Q
about how long does a red blood cell stay in circulation
A
120 days
3
Q
what is normal red blood cell turnover (as percent of total circulating red blood cells)?
A
1% per day
4
Q
single most common protein in the blood?
A
fibrinogen
5
Q
other than fatigue, what other factor would prevent you from holding a very heavy weight up for very long
A
blocked blood flow (decreases O2, increases metabolites)
6
Q
what does desquamation mean
A
normal loss of epithelial cells
7
Q
what word refers to the development of red blood cells, and where in the body does this process occur
A
erythropoiesis - in bone marrow
8
Q
what three factors contribute to arterial diastolic pressure
A
total peripheral resistance, heart rate, systolic pressure
9
Q
four factors during aerobic exercise contribute to the increase in venous return
A
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
sympathetic activity to veins
increased blood flow from dilated arterioles
10
Q
what 2 types of receptors are activated in muscles during exercise that send inputs into the medulla oblongata? and what does each receptor type detect during exercise
A
mechanoreceptors - muscle contraction
chemoreceptors - metabolites and decreased oxygen
11
Q
shape of human red blood cell
A
biconcave disc
12
Q
advantage of not having a nucleus as a red blood cell
A
increased surface area
easily foldable
more room for hemoglobin
13
Q
in which ways can iron normally leave the body
A
desquamation
menstrual blood
14
Q
what 2 vitamins are needed to make DNA, which nucleotide do they make, and which can only be found in animal products
A
vitamin B12 - only found in animal products
folate/folic acid
both needed to make thymine
15
Q
what hormone is needed to make red blood cells? what is the primary stimulus for its production
A
erythropoietin - decreased oxygen delivery to kidney
16
Q
what is hemostasis
A
stopping blood loss/maintaining blood volume
17
Q
what are the three steps of hemostasis in order
A
- vasoconstriction w/ contact stickiness
- platelet plug
- clotting/coagulation
18
Q
other than thromboxane A2, what other chemical is being secreted by activated platelets and what is its effect?
A
serotonin - vasodilation
19
Q
what protein hydrolyses the fibrin clot
A
plasmin
20
Q
word meaning breakdown of the clot
A
fibrinolysis
21
Q
normal blood protein that can activate plasminogen, often used clinically to dissolve clots
A
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), released by endothelial cells
22
Q
what 2 chemicals are released by healthy endothelial cells near a site of injury that can inhibit the formation of the platelet plug
A
nitric oxide
prostacyclin
23
Q
two phases of a respiratory cycle
A
inspiration and expiration
24
Q
two other names for factor III
A
tissue factor/thromboplastin
25
seven functions of the respiratory system
provide oxygen
eliminate CO2
regulate pH w/ the kidney
form speech sounds
defend against pathogens
influences the concentration of chemical messengers
trapping blood clots
26
why is it not dangerous to have a low number of small systemic venous clots break off and get lodged in lung arteries
many of the blood vessels and alveoli are not used at rest eventually the clots will be dissolved by fibrinolysis
27
average resting minute ventilation
6 L/min
28
what structure is present in the respiratory zones of the airway but not in the conducting zones
alveoli
29
what is the name of the primary defense mechanism against pathogen entry in the conducting zone of the airway
mucus escalator
30
what defense do we have against pathogen entry if the pathogens make it all the way to the alveoli
macrophages that phagocytose pathogens
31
deterministic equation for air flow in the lungs
flow of air=(pressure in alveoli-pressure in atmosphere)/resistance of airway
32
deterministic equation for lung volume
volume of lung=transpulmonary pressure*compliance
33
equation for transpulmonary pressure
alveolar pressure-intrapleural pressure
34
equation for transmural pressure across the chest wall
intrapleural pressure-atmospheric pressure
35
purpose of the pleural sac
reduce friction
36
purpose of the nasal conchae
create turbulent air flow so that particles breathed in can be trapped in the mucus
37
when and why would it be beneficial for bronchiolar smooth muscle to contract
when particles enter one part of the lung; would prevent particles from getting into the air spaces for gas exchange
38
intrapleural cavity is always expanded enough to give negative intrapleural pressure, what causes this expansion
elastic recoil of the lungs makes it collapse away from the chest wall and the elastic recoil of the chest wall makes it expand away from the lung. so the intrapleural space expands, causing its pressure to become subatmospheric
39
six steps of respiration in order
ventilation
gas exchange in lungs
transport in blood
gas exchange in tissues
cellular respiration
transport in blood
40
what are the last cells to develop in a fetus that is necessary for survival outside the womb
type II alveolar cells
41
what is the primary determinant of the resistance to airflow in the pulmonary system
radius of the airway
42
what are two accessory muscles of inspiration that are not normally activated during relaxed breathing
scalenes and pectoralis minor (sometimes sternocleidomastoid)
43
what two factors determine pulmonary compliance
surfactant
elasticity of the lung
44
What is the substance that decreases the surface tension of the water in the alveoli and what cells make this substance
surfactant - type II alveolar cells
45
three endogenous chemicals that affect bronchiolar smooth muscle and for each state if it causes bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation
bradykinin - bronchoconstriction
epinephrine - bronchodilation
leukotrienes - bronchoconstriction
46
when oxygen binds to one subunit of hemoglobin, the other subunits of hemoglobin
have a higher affinity for oxygen
47
increasing alveolar ventilation would
decrease alveolar PCO2
increase alveolar PO2
48
how many hemoglobin subunits form the hemoglobin molecule
4
49
what percentage of the oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin
about 98%
50
normal average partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
105 mmHg
51
normal average partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli
40 mmHg
52
normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic arteries
100 mmHg
53
normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic arteries
40 mmHg
54
normal partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic veins
40 mmHg
55
normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic veins
46 mmHg
56
average dead space in the respiratory tract
150 mL
57
at rest approximately how much of the oxygen in the arteries goes into the tissues in the capillaries
25%
58
equation for minute ventilation
tidal volume * respiratory rate
59
percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere
21%
60
disorder with decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
anemia
61
hemoglobin when oxygen is bound
oxyhemoglobin
62
hemoglobin when oxygen is not bound
deoxyhemoglobin
63
what molecule does oxygen bind to in hemoglobin and what dietary mineral is part of this molecule
heme which contains iron
64
two components of physiological dead space
alveolar dead space
anatomical dead space
65
two factors related to hemoglobin determine the total amount of oxygen in the blood
% saturation of hemoglobin
concentration of hemoglobin in the blood
66
three factors that determine the diffusion of gas into a liquid
temperature
solubility of the gas in the liquid
partial pressure of the gas (this one changes the most)
67
anatomical mechanism for helping to match ventilation and perfusion
first alveoli to open are the ones at the bottom of the lung, at rest only these inflate. at rest, pulmonary blood pressure is so low that blood only goes to the capillaries surrounding these lower alveoli
68
T or F: In regular aerobic exercisers, the baroreceptor reflex resets to a higher mean arterial pressure before the person starts exercising.
true
69
T or F: The increase in mean arterial pressure during a moderate aerobic exercise is due to the normal operation of the baroreceptor reflex.
False
70
Where is iron primarily stored in the body?
liver
71
What organ is the primary destroyer of damaged red blood cells in normal individuals?
spleen
72
What organ produces erythropoietin?
kidney
73
Most of the clotting factors in the blood are produced by
liver
74
Which vitamin was mentioned in the videos as being required to produce the clotting factors.
vitamin K
75
Which of the following can be found in circulation?
heparin
antithrombin III
thrombomodulin
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
plasminogen
protein C
antithrombin III
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
plasminogen
protein C
76
which of the following can be found on the surface of endothelial cells?
heparin
antithrombin III
thrombomodulin
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
plasminogen
protein C
heparin
thrombomodulin
77
If transpulmonary pressure increases the volume of the lung would tend to
increase
78
What limits aerobic capacity in healthy individuals?
cardiac output
79
Increasing the volume of a sealed container of air _______________ the pressure in that container.
decreases
80
Approximately how much can minute ventilation increase over resting levels with heavy exercise?
20-fold
81
The intraplueral pressure tends to
Pull the chest wall inward and expand the lung
82
If pulmonary compliance is higher than normal, it is harder to
exhale
83
If pulmonary compliance is lower than normal, it is harder to
inhale
84
Which receptor for epinephrine is on bronchiolar smooth muscle?
beta-2 adrenergic receptors
85
at rest, during expiration, what muscles contract more
none
86
during forced expiration, what muscles contract more
abdominal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
87
hyperventilation is defined as
PCO2 < 40 mmHg
not dependent on pressure of O2
88
during exercise: arterial and venous pressures
venous PCO2 higher than at rest
venous PO2 lower than at rest
89
Assuming the PO2 in the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary blood is 105 mmHg, the highest number of oxygen molecules per liter would be
bound to hemoglobin
90
Assuming the PO2 in the alveolus and the pulmonary capillary blood is 105 mmHg, the lowest number of oxygen molecules per liter would be
dissolved in the blood
91
increasing heart rate would do what to diastolic pressure and pulse pressure
increase diastolic pressure
decrease pulse pressure
92
during intense aerobic exercise diastolic pressure _____
decreases
93
during intense muscle contraction, total peripheral resistance
increases
94
resetting of baroreceptors during exercise is due to
central command
95
T or F: most of the iron used in making new red blood cells come directly from the diet
false
96
T or F: free iron is damaging to cells
true
97
von Willebrand Factor is normally found in the ___
blood
98
increasing total peripheral resistance would do what to diastolic pressure and pulse pressure
increase diastolic pressure
no effect on pulse pressure
99
increasing the stroke volume would do what to diastolic pressure and pulse pressure
increase diastolic pressure
increase pulse pressure
100
clots form around
platelet plugs
101
T or F: Factor VIIa must bind to platelets to be active
false
102
T or F: if blood calcium levels are below normal, blood clotting will be limited
false
103
which pathway usually starts the clotting cascade in the body
extrinsic pathway
104
more thrombin is made using the
intrinsic pathway
105
Vitamin K is water or fat soluble?
fat soluble
106
negative air flow occurs with (inspiration or expiration)
inspiration
107
at end inspiration, the angle of the ribs is more ___ compared to end expiration
upward
108
in normal breathing the intrapleural pressure is
always negative
109
how does surfactant affect pulmonary compliance
increases pulmonary compliance
110
how does surfactant affect which alveoli inflate
without surfactant, only the largest alveoli would inflate during inspiration
111
bronchioles are larger during (inspiration or expiration)
inspiration
112
would doubling the respiratory rate or the tidal volume have a larger effect on alveolar ventilation
doubling the tidal volume
113
the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is a measure of
the concentration of oxygen in the blood (NOT the pressure exerted)
114
increasing altitude would directly tend to
decrease alveolar PO2
no effect on alveolar PCO2
115
increasing metabolism would tend to
decrease alveolar PO2
increase alveolar PCO2
116
T or F: as blood flows through the last half of a pulmonary capillary at rest, it does not receive any oxygen
true
117
a decrease in oxygen concentration in pulmonary arterioles causes them to
vasoconstrict
118
decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in pulmonary arterioles causes them to
pulmonary arterioles are not very sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration
119
a decrease in oxygen concentration in bronchioles causes them to
bronchioles are not very sensitive to oxygen concentration
120
decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in bronchioles causes them to
bronchoconstrict
121
T or F: decreasing the arterial PO2 from 100 mmHg to 60 mmHg results in a 40% decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood
false
