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Pathophysiology > Exam 5: Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Exam 5: Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for DM

A

45 years and older, gestational diabetes, high weight, low activity level, HLD, HTN,

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2
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

process of glycogen formation which is stored in cells

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3
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

the breakdown of stored glycogen to yield glucose; this is stimulated by the pancreas and adrenal glands

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4
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

the formation of glucose from stored fats and proteins

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5
Q

What is a normal fasting glucose levek?

A

70mg/dL-100mg/dL

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6
Q

What is a hypoglycemic glucose level?

A

blood glucose less than 70mg/dL`

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7
Q

What is a hemoglobin A1c level in diabetes?

A

greater than 6.5

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8
Q

What is a positive dx of DM?

A

two or more fasting glucose levels of 126mg/dL

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9
Q

What are the Isles of Langerhans?

A

endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon

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10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of type 1 DM?

A

autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells

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11
Q

Sx of type 1 DM

A

hyperglycemia with initial rapid onset, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, glucosuria, ketonuria, dehydration, weight loss, and fatigue

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12
Q

What is the pathophysiology of type 2 DM?

A

cells are insulin resistant and pancreatic production decreases over time

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13
Q

What are the risk factors for type 2 DM?

A

obesity, increasing age, native American, Hispanic, African-American, sedentary lifestyle, gestational diabetes

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14
Q

Sx of type 2 DM

A

gradual “silent” onset, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, prolonged wound healing, recurrent infections, vision changes

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15
Q

What are the acute complications of DM?

A

hypoglycemia with is present in both type 1 and 2, diabetic ketoacidosis which is mainly present in type 1, and hyperglycemia hyperosmolar syndrome which is present in type 2`

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16
Q

Causes of hypoglycemia

A

excess insulin, inadequate food intake, stress, extreme physical activity, infection, alcohol use, surgery, excess oral hypoglycemic druvs

17
Q

What is insulin “shock”?

A

excess insulin in circulation because of glucose deficit in the blood and can cause damage to the brain if left untreated

18
Q

Sx of hypoglycemia

A

headache, hunger, confusion, dizziness, inability to concentrate, shaky, diaphoretic, palpitations, irritability, seizures, loss of consciousness, hypotensive, tachycardic

19
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms of hypoglycemia?

A

release of epinephrine, glucagon, SNS

20
Q

What is the pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A

starts with hyperglycemia due to there not being enough insulin which leads to the burning of fatty acids for energy which leads to the production of ketones

21
Q

Sx of DKA

A

dehydration, thirst, dry and rough oral mucosa, warm and dry skin, hypotension and tachycardia, rapid and deep respirations (kussmaul), acetone breath (fruity), lethargy, decreased responsiveness, electrolyte imbalance, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, weakness

22
Q

What is hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketonic COMA?

A

occurs in type 2 DM and results in severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

23
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia hyperosmolar syndrome?

A

starts with hyperglycemia which leads to severe cellular dehydration (osmotic pressure causes fluids to be pulled from cells and into extracellular compartments). As a result there is polyuria which causes hypovolemia

24
Q

Microvascular diabetic complications

A

(endothelial damage)retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy

25
Q

Macrovascular diabetic complications

A

(occlusive disorders) coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident

26
Q

Chronic DM brain complications

A

CVA and atherosclerosis

27
Q

Chronic DM eye complications

A

cataract and retinal microaneurysms

28
Q

Chronic DM heart complications

A

MI and dysrhythmias

29
Q

Chronic DM kidney complications

A

nephropathy, failure, infection

30
Q

Chronic DM neuropathy complications

A

impotence and infertility, urinary incontinence, loss of sensation

31
Q

Chronic DM peripheral vascular disease complications

A

arterial and venous ulcers, delayed healing, gangrene

32
Q

What increased risk of cancers is there in DM?

A

breast and uterine

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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