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Pathophysiology > Exam 4: Chapters 37, 38, 39 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Chapters 37, 38, 39 Flashcards

1
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

suppresses osteoclastic activity with high Ca level and is secreted by the thyroid hormone

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2
Q

What is vitamin D dependent on?

A

parathyroid hormone, kidney, sunlight

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3
Q

Tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

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4
Q

Ligaments

A

connect bone to bone to form joints

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5
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Possible tear of ligaments caused by overstretching due to stretching or pulling

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6
Q

Sx of a sprain

A

bruise, edema, pain, pain with movement

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7
Q

What is a strain?

A

Overstretching of a tendon and muscle

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8
Q

Sx of a strain

A

pain, limited ROM, muscle spasms

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9
Q

What is an open or compound fracture?

A

bone protrudes outside of the body

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10
Q

Risks of open fractures

A

infection and soft tissue injury

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11
Q

What is a closed or complete fracture?

A

bone fragments separate completely and are not displaced and remain beneath the overlying tissue

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12
Q

What is a compression fracture?

A

crushing of cancellous bone

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13
Q

What is an incomplete fracture?

A

bone fragments remained partially joined

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14
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

bone damage from repetitive activity

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15
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

bone that is separated but close

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16
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

more than one fracture line with shattered/crushed bone

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17
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

incomplete fracture- bone is intact and bent (most common in children)

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18
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A

separation of a small part of bone at site of attachment of ligament or tendon

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19
Q

What are the complications of musculoskeletal trauma?

A
  1. neurovascular injury- damage of blood vessels, edema compressing nerves
  2. compartment syndrome
  3. infection- osteomyelitis
  4. DVT and PE
  5. fat embolism
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20
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

When tissue pressure exceeds perfusion pressure in a closed anatomical space due to bleeding or swelling which reduces arterial blood flow

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21
Q

Sx of compartment syndrome

A

pain that is out of proportion, extensive edema, pallor area of edema, paresthesias in the affect area, weak or absent distal pulses, pressure greater than 30 mmHg

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22
Q

What are late complications of musculoskeletal injuries?

A

delayed healing, malunion, non-union, post-traumatic, arthritis, avascular necrosis

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23
Q

Causes of a hip fracture

A

osteoporosis, fall, trauma

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24
Q

Sx of a hip fracture

A

painful ROM and observe for neurovascular compromise

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25
What are the complications of a hip fracture
non-union and AVN
26
Causes of vertebral compression fracture
osteoporosis and fragility fracture
27
Pathophysiology of vertebral compression fracture
trabecular vertebrae becomes thin, collapsed, and flattened
28
Sx of a vertebral compression fracture
shortened spine, kyphosis, pain, and compress of nerve tracts
29
Causes of femur fractures
gunshot wound, motor vehicle accident joggers in stress fractures
30
Sx of a femur fracture
large amounts of bleeding and cannot bear weight
31
Causes of tibia/fibula fractures
low energy impact injury/fall, athletic injury, motor vehicle accident, gunshot wound
32
What is a rotator cuff injury?
tear of a tendon or muscle or tendonitis
33
Sx of rotator cuff injury
pain, limited ROM, weakness
34
Causes of brachial plexus injury
trauma and birth injury
35
Pathophysiology of brachial plexus injury
nerves that originate in the head and run down to the arm are pulled
36
Sx of brachial plexus injury
shock-like pain radiating down the arm and absent or diminished pulses
37
What is osteoporosis?
low bone density and structural deterioration of bone tissue with actual breaks in the bone matrix
38
What are the complications of osteoporosis?
fractures
39
What is osteopenia?
thinning of trabecular bone before osteoporosis develops
40
Pathophysiology of osteoporosis
osteoclastic activity outpaces osteoblastic activity
41
Causes of primary osteoporosis
nutritional deficit of Ca, lack of weight-bearing, decline in sex hormones, lack of exposure to sunlight
42
Causes of secondary osteoporosis
hyperparathyroidism, corticosteroid meds, celiac disease, malabsorption, IBS
43
Risk factors of osteoporosis
age, post menopause, hormone disorders, deficits of Ca or vitamin D or protein, cigarette smoking, small and light bone structure, and excess caffeine
44
What is osteoarthritis?
Progressive degeneration and inflammation of joints that gradually wears away cartilage surface exposing bone; inflammation mediators and cytokines degrade cartilage over a period of years
45
Risk factors of OA
age, obesity, and hx of sports or previous joint injury
46
Sx of OA
osteophytes, pain relieved with rest and worsens over time, stiff joints, limited ROM, burning sensation in joint, can be unilateral, heberden's node
47
What is rickets?
diseases seen in children because of failure of osteoid calcification resulting in "soft tissue"
48
Causes of rickets
vitamin D deficiency, hypophosphatemia, lack of milk and sunlight
49
Sx of rickets
bowing of femur, sternum protrudes, widening of growth plates, thoracic asymmetry, fontanels do not close
50
What is osteomalacia?
a disorder seen in adults due to calcium malabsorption caused by vitamin D
51
Causes of osteomalacia
lack of sunlight, renal disorders, cancer, malabsorption, and lack of vitamin D intake
52
What is degenerative disk disease?
intervertebral disk flattens in the cervical or lumbar areas. with age disks become rigid and lose elasticity and collapse
53
Risk factors of DDD
heavy lifting, obesity, twisting trauma, poor physical condition, family hx
54
Sx of DDD
back pain, osteophyte formation, pain radiating down the back of the leg or arm, numbness in extremity
55
What is osteomyelitis?
infection and inflammation of a bone by bacteria
56
What is the infection processes of osteomyelitis?
contiguous spread- invasion via a wound or puncture hematogenous spread- invasion via blood stream
57
What is reactive arthritis?
an autoimmune reaction in one or more joints caused by bacterial infection in another part of the body
58
What is the etiology of osteomyelitis?
staph aureus
59
What is chronic myelitis?
untreated or under-treated infection of the bone that lasts more than 6-8 weeks and becomes necrotic susceptible to gangrene
60
Pathophysiology of osteomyelitis
bacteria invades the bone tissue and causes abscesses to form and deprive blood supply to the bone. the bone then becomes necrotic an is at risk for gangrene
61
Sx of osteomyelitis
systemic: fever, malaise, chills local: erythema, heat, edema, pain, tenderness post op: drainage from incision and delayed healing
62
Causes of septic arthritis
invasion of joint via blood stream or with prosthetic device
63
Sx of septic arthritis
inflammation, pain in joint, edematous joint, fever, malaise, confirmed by aspiration of the synovial fluid, develops in a single joint
64
What are the complications of septic arthritis?
joint dysfunction
65
What is gout?
deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints that lead to acute inflammation which causes damage to articular cartilage
66
Causes of gout
15-29 years of hyperuricemia
67
Causes of primary gout
metabolic cause- defect in renal excretion of uric acid
68
Cause of secondary gout
due to other conditions: obesity, cancer, psoriasis, meds
69
Sx of gout
tophus form, podagra, warm, tender, severe pain, possible fever
70
What is psoriatic arthritis?
an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the joints and connective tissue that is linked to the skin disorder psoriasis
71
Sx of psoriatic arthritis
pain, swelling, erythema of affected joint, generalized fatigue, redness, pain in eye, plaque psoriasis, psoriatic nail changes
72
What is Pott's disease?
combination of osteomyelitis and arthritis that usually involves more than one vertebrae and the thoracic vertebrae is mostly affected
73
Causes of pott's disease
mycobacterium tuberculosis
74
Sx of pott's disease
pain, severe kyphosis, vertebral lesions that cause compression fractures
75
Causes of Lyme disease
deer tick transferring B burgorferi
76
Sx of lyme disease
early localized stage: erythema migrans early disseminated stage: (3-12 wks) more EMs, sx of meningitis, carditis, and ocular changes late disseminated stage: (months-years) severe joint pain, swelling of large joints like the knee, encephalopathy, neuropathy of hands and feet
77
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
systemic rheumatic inflammation condition affecting heart eyes, lungs, and kidneys
78
Pathophysiology of ankylosing spondylitis
activation of the immune system by bacteria and the immune system is chronically stimulated causing continual tissue inflammation. cartilage of the spinal joint is replaced by bony scar tissue and joints become rigid
79
Sx of ankylosing spondylitis
low back pain beginning in early 20s, pain over sacrum radiating to butt, groin, and legs, decreased flexion o spine causing difficulty to bend forward, sacroiliitis, kyphosis

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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