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Pathophysiology > Exam 4: Chapters 33 and 34 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Chapters 33 and 34 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general risk factors for stroke?

A

Over 65 yrs old, arteriosclerosis, HLD, DM, alcohol abuse, HTN, smoking, obesity, family hx

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2
Q

Risk factors for ischemic stroke

A

atrial fibrilation, carotid stenosis, and cerebral arteriosclerosis

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3
Q

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke

A

HTN, oral anticoagulant, and cerebral aneurysm

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4
Q

What is Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

A

temporary reduction in cerebral bloodflow causing ischemia and can signal impending stroke

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5
Q

What causes TIA?

A

small embolus that the body rapidly dissolves, atherosclerosis, vascular spasm

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6
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

bleeding in the brain

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7
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic stroke?

A

ICP can be present which compresses the brain and can lead to brain stem herniation which is deadly

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8
Q

Signs and sx of a hemorrhagic stroke

A

BE FAST and the worst headache of the pts life if it is a subarachnoid hemorrhage

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9
Q

Signs and Sx of a stroke

A

BE FAST: balance difficulties, eyesight changes, face weakness, arm weakness, speech difficulties, time to call 911

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10
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Difficulty forming words

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11
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Does not understand, “word salad”

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12
Q

Risk factors for Epilepsy in older adults

A

dementia and stroke

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12
Q

What is Epilepsy?

A

recurrent seizures

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13
Q

Risk factors for epilepsy in young adults

A

head trauma

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14
Q

What is the ictal state in Epilespy?

A

state in which the pt is having a seizure

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15
Q

What is the term Aura?

A

strange feeling or smell before a seizure

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16
Q

What is the postictal state in Epilespy?

A

state after the seizure which lasts 5-30 mins

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17
Q

What is a focal seizure?

A

There is a single origin and affects one hemisphere

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18
Q

Signs and sx of a focal seizure

A

pt may be aware or have impared awareness
motor: movement of one extremity contralateral of the injury and automatism
nonmotor: changes in emotion, thinking, or sensation

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19
Q

What is a generalized stroke?

A

multiple origins and affects both hemispheres

20
Q

Signs and sx of a generalized stroke

A

pt may have impaired awareness or loss of consciousness
motor: Atonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonus
nonmotor: absence

21
Q

Signs and sx of a tension headache

A

the most common headache where the pt has “band like” pain

21
Q

What are primary headaches?

A

headaches that are independent of other illnesses/conditions
Ex: tension, migraine, trigeminal autonomic cephalgia

22
Q

Signs and sx of a migraine headache

A

throbbing pain, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia

23
Signs and sx of trigeminal autonomic cephalgia
The most uncommon headache where the pt presents with excruciating unilateral pain
24
What is a secondary headache?
headache caused by other primary illnesses/conditions Ex: sinus, brain tumor, trigeminal neuralgia
25
Signs and sx of a sinus headache
pain worse when leaning over
26
Signs and sx of a brain tumor headache
dull, constant, pain that is worse on the side of the tumor
27
Signs and sx of trigeminal neuralgia
headache that is triggered by a facial contact and sharp pain on side of face
28
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
aka Lou Gehrig's, is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the neurons permanently only motor neurons are affected
29
Signs and sx of ALS
upper motor: hyperreflexia and muscle spasticity (stiff) lower motor: muscle atrophy, weakness, paralysis. the diaphragm is eventually affected and causes respiratory failure
30
What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)?
an autoimmune disorder that attacks the myelin sheath of the sensory and motor neurons recovery is possible if myelin sheath is healed
31
What is the cause of GBS
upper respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, and vaccine
32
Signs and sx of GBS
tingling and numbness, muscle weakness in legs, progresses in an ascending fashion, and if severe can affect breathing
33
What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?
an autoimmune disorder that destroys myelin sheath of sensory and motor neurons in the CNS
34
What is the pathophysiology of MS?
pts go through periods of relapse and remission. once it is fibrotic it is irreversible
35
Signs and sx of MS
early sx: vision impairment, ataxia, tremor, dysarthria, weakness, fatigue, and numbness late sx: hemiparesis, paraparesis, and quadriparesis there is an increased risk of depression
36
What is Parkinson's Disease?
imbalance between neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine
37
What is the pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease?
dopamine inhibits muscle movement while acetylcholine stimulates muscle movement. loss of dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia causes an overstimulation of muscles
38
Signs and sx of Parkinson's Disease
tremors at rest, "pill-rolling", bradykinesia or akinesia, muscle rigidity, facial masking, postural instability
39
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
an autoimmune disease caused by loss of functioning acetylcholine receptors (neurotransmitter dysfunction)
40
What is the pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis?
acetylcholine receptor antibodies prevent muscle stimulation by attaching to receptor sites, therefore, there are not enough receptor sites for the acetylcholine to attach to
41
Signs and sx of Myasthenia Gravis
fluctuating muscle weakness that is better in the morning and stress makes sx worse
42
Signs and sx of Myasthenia Gravis ocular form
facial and ocular muscle weakness (is the 1st sx to occur in all types*), ptosis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, high risk for aspiration
43
Signs and sx of Myasthenia Gravis generalized form
weakness (that is facia, ocular, limbs, esophageal, and respiratory muscles)
44
What is Myasthenic Crisis?
when a pt with myasthenia gravis experiences weakness of the respiratory muscles that can lead to respiratory failure
45
What is Huntington's Disease?
a genetic disorder linked to neurodegeneration of parts of the brain
46
Signs and sx of Huntington's Disease
involuntary motor movement: dance-like movement and writhing/twisting movement, impaired verbal communication and swallowing, depression, anxiety, agitation, apathy, and impaired mental cognition

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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