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Pathophysiology > Exam 4: Chapters 33 and 34 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Chapters 33 and 34 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general risk factors for stroke?

A

Over 65 yrs old, arteriosclerosis, HLD, DM, alcohol abuse, HTN, smoking, obesity, family hx

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2
Q

Risk factors for ischemic stroke

A

atrial fibrilation, carotid stenosis, and cerebral arteriosclerosis

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3
Q

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke

A

HTN, oral anticoagulant, and cerebral aneurysm

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4
Q

What is Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

A

temporary reduction in cerebral bloodflow causing ischemia and can signal impending stroke

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5
Q

What causes TIA?

A

small embolus that the body rapidly dissolves, atherosclerosis, vascular spasm

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6
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

bleeding in the brain

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7
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic stroke?

A

ICP can be present which compresses the brain and can lead to brain stem herniation which is deadly

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8
Q

Signs and sx of a hemorrhagic stroke

A

BE FAST and the worst headache of the pts life if it is a subarachnoid hemorrhage

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9
Q

Signs and Sx of a stroke

A

BE FAST: balance difficulties, eyesight changes, face weakness, arm weakness, speech difficulties, time to call 911

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10
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Difficulty forming words

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11
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Does not understand, “word salad”

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12
Q

Risk factors for Epilepsy in older adults

A

dementia and stroke

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12
Q

What is Epilepsy?

A

recurrent seizures

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13
Q

Risk factors for epilepsy in young adults

A

head trauma

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14
Q

What is the ictal state in Epilespy?

A

state in which the pt is having a seizure

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15
Q

What is the term Aura?

A

strange feeling or smell before a seizure

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16
Q

What is the postictal state in Epilespy?

A

state after the seizure which lasts 5-30 mins

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17
Q

What is a focal seizure?

A

There is a single origin and affects one hemisphere

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18
Q

Signs and sx of a focal seizure

A

pt may be aware or have impared awareness
motor: movement of one extremity contralateral of the injury and automatism
nonmotor: changes in emotion, thinking, or sensation

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19
Q

What is a generalized stroke?

A

multiple origins and affects both hemispheres

20
Q

Signs and sx of a generalized stroke

A

pt may have impaired awareness or loss of consciousness
motor: Atonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonus
nonmotor: absence

21
Q

Signs and sx of a tension headache

A

the most common headache where the pt has “band like” pain

21
Q

What are primary headaches?

A

headaches that are independent of other illnesses/conditions
Ex: tension, migraine, trigeminal autonomic cephalgia

22
Q

Signs and sx of a migraine headache

A

throbbing pain, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia

23
Q

Signs and sx of trigeminal autonomic cephalgia

A

The most uncommon headache where the pt presents with excruciating unilateral pain

24
Q

What is a secondary headache?

A

headache caused by other primary illnesses/conditions
Ex: sinus, brain tumor, trigeminal neuralgia

25
Q

Signs and sx of a sinus headache

A

pain worse when leaning over

26
Q

Signs and sx of a brain tumor headache

A

dull, constant, pain that is worse on the side of the tumor

27
Q

Signs and sx of trigeminal neuralgia

A

headache that is triggered by a facial contact and sharp pain on side of face

28
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

A

aka Lou Gehrig’s, is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the neurons permanently
only motor neurons are affected

29
Q

Signs and sx of ALS

A

upper motor: hyperreflexia and muscle spasticity (stiff)
lower motor: muscle atrophy, weakness, paralysis. the diaphragm is eventually affected and causes respiratory failure

30
Q

What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)?

A

an autoimmune disorder that attacks the myelin sheath of the sensory and motor neurons
recovery is possible if myelin sheath is healed

31
Q

What is the cause of GBS

A

upper respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, and vaccine

32
Q

Signs and sx of GBS

A

tingling and numbness, muscle weakness in legs, progresses in an ascending fashion, and if severe can affect breathing

33
Q

What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A

an autoimmune disorder that destroys myelin sheath of sensory and motor neurons in the CNS

34
Q

What is the pathophysiology of MS?

A

pts go through periods of relapse and remission. once it is fibrotic it is irreversible

35
Q

Signs and sx of MS

A

early sx: vision impairment, ataxia, tremor, dysarthria, weakness, fatigue, and numbness
late sx: hemiparesis, paraparesis, and quadriparesis
there is an increased risk of depression

36
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

imbalance between neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine

37
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

dopamine inhibits muscle movement while acetylcholine stimulates muscle movement. loss of dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia causes an overstimulation of muscles

38
Q

Signs and sx of Parkinson’s Disease

A

tremors at rest, “pill-rolling”, bradykinesia or akinesia, muscle rigidity, facial masking, postural instability

39
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

an autoimmune disease caused by loss of functioning acetylcholine receptors (neurotransmitter dysfunction)

40
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

acetylcholine receptor antibodies prevent muscle stimulation by attaching to receptor sites, therefore, there are not enough receptor sites for the acetylcholine to attach to

41
Q

Signs and sx of Myasthenia Gravis

A

fluctuating muscle weakness that is better in the morning and stress makes sx worse

42
Q

Signs and sx of Myasthenia Gravis ocular form

A

facial and ocular muscle weakness (is the 1st sx to occur in all types*), ptosis, diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, high risk for aspiration

43
Q

Signs and sx of Myasthenia Gravis generalized form

A

weakness (that is facia, ocular, limbs, esophageal, and respiratory muscles)

44
Q

What is Myasthenic Crisis?

A

when a pt with myasthenia gravis experiences weakness of the respiratory muscles that can lead to respiratory failure

45
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease?

A

a genetic disorder linked to neurodegeneration of parts of the brain

46
Q

Signs and sx of Huntington’s Disease

A

involuntary motor movement: dance-like movement and writhing/twisting movement, impaired verbal communication and swallowing, depression, anxiety, agitation, apathy, and impaired mental cognition

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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