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Animal Anatomy > exam 5 avian > Flashcards

exam 5 avian Flashcards

1
Q

fusion of the bones to decrease flight stress and wind resistance. usually consists of the ilium, ischium, lumbar, sacral, and first 6 caudal vertebrae.
-there is no ventral symphysis.

A

Synsacrum

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2
Q

Pair of clavicles, aka “wish bone”.

-this structure acts as a strut to brace the wings apart.

A

Furculum

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3
Q

Formed by the fusion of the last few coccygeal vertebrae.

-it acts as an anchor for the main tail feathers.

A

Pygostyle

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4
Q

Short bone extending from the sternum (acts as a wing strut)

A

Coracoid

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5
Q

Largest bone in leg

A

tibiotarsus

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6
Q

Formed by the fusion of II, III, & IV

A

Tarsometatarsal

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7
Q

The body chamber, no diaphragm

A

Coelum

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8
Q

Muscular structure found at the tracheal bifurcation.

A

Syrinx

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9
Q

From a duck: an outpouching of trachea for vocalization

A

Syringeal bulla

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10
Q

Site of gas exchange: homologous with mammalian alveoli

A

Air capillaries

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11
Q

True stomach: glancular stomach where the first significant amount of digestive juices are added.

  • mucosal ridges (look like papillae)
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • large submucosal glands
  • one type of glandular cells (function as parietal and chief cell)
A

Proventriculus

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12
Q

(ventriculus)

  • mechanical stomach
  • muscular organ used to grind and break up food.
  • may contain grit or small stones eaten by animal
  • lined by a very thick keratinized layer (not epithelium)
  • simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
  • amorphous substance is the pellicle
A

Gizzard

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13
Q

The junction between the jejunum and ileum. Reminant of the yolk sac.

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

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14
Q

(lymphoid tissue)

at the most proximal part of the cecae

A

Cecal tonsils

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15
Q

AKA preen gland, found at the base of the tail

A

Uropygial Gland

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16
Q

What are the two main flight muscles and their functions?

A

Pectoralis- pulls wings down

Supracoracoideus- pulls wings up

17
Q

What are the three categories of feathers?

A

1) contour- covers most of the bird
2) down- provides insulation
3) tufted bristle- look like eyelashes

18
Q

what side of the body is the crop located?

A

On the Right side of the neck

19
Q

Which species of bird lack gallbladders?

A

pigeons and budgies

20
Q

what are three sections of the cloaca?

A
  • coprodeum- receives waste from large intestines.
  • urodeum- receives urine from kidneys via the ureter and sperm/eggs from gonads.
  • proctodeum- temporarily stores and ejects materials.
21
Q

which side of the ovary and oviduct is functional?

A

Left ovary and oviduct

the right side degenerates and ceases function before bird reaches maturity

22
Q

what are the five parts of the oviduct?

A

1) infundibulum- site of fertilization
2) magnum- secretes thick white or albumen of the egg.
3) isthmus- adds 2 shell membranes
4) uterus (shell gland)- secretes thin white, shell, and shell pigment
5) vagina- holds egg till its laid

23
Q

what is the function of the Thymus?

A

programs T-cells

24
Q

what is the function of the Bursa of fabricius

A

B-cells are programmed

25
Q

what are the four chambers of the avian heart?

A

same as the mammal

26
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

within the bony depression of the avian synsacrum (renal fossa)

27
Q

what is their nitrogenous end product?

A

Uric acid (not urea)

28
Q

what are the main differences in Avian and mammalian respritory system?

A
  • tracheal rings are complete (form a circle)
  • avian trachea is longer and wider than a comparable sized mammal
  • airflow in the lung is unidirectional
  • lungs are rigid, with little expansion and contraction
  • air is moved by air sacs, which function as a system of bellows and air sacs may enter some bones
  • no diaphragm
29
Q

what is the Respiration cycle

A

-two inspirations and two expirations
~first inhalation- air passes into paired bronchi
-50% goes through the lungs and into the caudal air sacs
-50% goes into the lungs
First expiration- lungs fill with air from the caudal air sacs
-air from lungs and cranial air sacs empties through the trachea
Second inhalation-stale air (remaining 50% from first inhalation) empties from the lungs into the cranial air sacs.
Second expiration-cranial air sacs expel air out of the body.

30
Q

what are the 8 air sacs in the chicken?

A 
1-cervical
1-clavicular
2-cranial thoracic
2-caudal thoracic
2-abdomina
31
Q

what are the functions of the air sacs?

A
  • air reservoirs
  • controlling body heat
  • moistening air
  • cushioning the subcutaneous body layer
  • provides buoyancy
  • aiding with some vocalization and courtship
  • no gas exchange

Animal Anatomy (5 decks)

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