exam 5 avian

Question 1

fusion of the bones to decrease flight stress and wind resistance. usually consists of the ilium, ischium, lumbar, sacral, and first 6 caudal vertebrae.
-there is no ventral symphysis.

Answer 1

Synsacrum

Question 2

Pair of clavicles, aka “wish bone”.

-this structure acts as a strut to brace the wings apart.

Answer 2

Furculum

Question 3

Formed by the fusion of the last few coccygeal vertebrae.

-it acts as an anchor for the main tail feathers.

Answer 3

Pygostyle

Question 4

Short bone extending from the sternum (acts as a wing strut)

Answer 4

Coracoid

Question 5

Largest bone in leg

Answer 5

tibiotarsus

Question 6

Formed by the fusion of II, III, & IV

Answer 6

Tarsometatarsal

Question 7

The body chamber, no diaphragm

Answer 7

Coelum

Question 8

Muscular structure found at the tracheal bifurcation.

Answer 8

Syrinx

Question 9

From a duck: an outpouching of trachea for vocalization

Answer 9

Syringeal bulla

Question 10

Site of gas exchange: homologous with mammalian alveoli

Answer 10

Air capillaries

Question 11

True stomach: glancular stomach where the first significant amount of digestive juices are added.

• mucosal ridges (look like papillae)
• simple columnar epithelium
• large submucosal glands
• one type of glandular cells (function as parietal and chief cell)

Answer 11

Proventriculus

Question 12

(ventriculus)

• mechanical stomach
• muscular organ used to grind and break up food.
• may contain grit or small stones eaten by animal
• lined by a very thick keratinized layer (not epithelium)
• simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
• amorphous substance is the pellicle

Answer 12

Gizzard

Question 13

The junction between the jejunum and ileum. Reminant of the yolk sac.

Answer 13

Meckel’s diverticulum

Question 14

(lymphoid tissue)

at the most proximal part of the cecae

Answer 14

Cecal tonsils

Question 15

AKA preen gland, found at the base of the tail

Answer 15

Uropygial Gland

Question 16

What are the two main flight muscles and their functions?

Answer 16

Pectoralis- pulls wings down

Supracoracoideus- pulls wings up

Question 17

What are the three categories of feathers?

Answer 17

1) contour- covers most of the bird
2) down- provides insulation
3) tufted bristle- look like eyelashes

Question 18

what side of the body is the crop located?

Answer 18

On the Right side of the neck

Question 19

Which species of bird lack gallbladders?

Answer 19

pigeons and budgies

Question 20

what are three sections of the cloaca?

Answer 20

• coprodeum- receives waste from large intestines.
• urodeum- receives urine from kidneys via the ureter and sperm/eggs from gonads.
• proctodeum- temporarily stores and ejects materials.

Question 21

which side of the ovary and oviduct is functional?

Answer 21

Left ovary and oviduct

the right side degenerates and ceases function before bird reaches maturity

Question 22

what are the five parts of the oviduct?

Answer 22

1) infundibulum- site of fertilization
2) magnum- secretes thick white or albumen of the egg.
3) isthmus- adds 2 shell membranes
4) uterus (shell gland)- secretes thin white, shell, and shell pigment
5) vagina- holds egg till its laid

Question 23

what is the function of the Thymus?

Answer 23

programs T-cells

Question 24

what is the function of the Bursa of fabricius

Answer 24

B-cells are programmed

Question 25

what are the four chambers of the avian heart?

Answer 25

same as the mammal

Question 26

where are the kidneys located?

Answer 26

within the bony depression of the avian synsacrum (renal fossa)

Question 27

what is their nitrogenous end product?

Answer 27

Uric acid (not urea)

Question 28

what are the main differences in Avian and mammalian respritory system?

Answer 28

- tracheal rings are complete (form a circle) - avian trachea is longer and wider than a comparable sized mammal - airflow in the lung is unidirectional - lungs are rigid, with little expansion and contraction - air is moved by air sacs, which function as a system of bellows and air sacs may enter some bones - no diaphragm

Question 29

what is the Respiration cycle

Answer 29

-two inspirations and two expirations ~first inhalation- air passes into paired bronchi -50% goes through the lungs and into the caudal air sacs -50% goes into the lungs First expiration- lungs fill with air from the caudal air sacs -air from lungs and cranial air sacs empties through the trachea Second inhalation-stale air (remaining 50% from first inhalation) empties from the lungs into the cranial air sacs. Second expiration-cranial air sacs expel air out of the body.

Question 30

what are the 8 air sacs in the chicken?

Answer 30

``` 1-cervical 1-clavicular 2-cranial thoracic 2-caudal thoracic 2-abdomina ```

Question 31

what are the functions of the air sacs?

Answer 31

- air reservoirs - controlling body heat - moistening air - cushioning the subcutaneous body layer - provides buoyancy - aiding with some vocalization and courtship - no gas exchange