exam 5 avian Flashcards
fusion of the bones to decrease flight stress and wind resistance. usually consists of the ilium, ischium, lumbar, sacral, and first 6 caudal vertebrae.
-there is no ventral symphysis.
Synsacrum
Pair of clavicles, aka “wish bone”.
-this structure acts as a strut to brace the wings apart.
Furculum
Formed by the fusion of the last few coccygeal vertebrae.
-it acts as an anchor for the main tail feathers.
Pygostyle
Short bone extending from the sternum (acts as a wing strut)
Coracoid
Largest bone in leg
tibiotarsus
Formed by the fusion of II, III, & IV
Tarsometatarsal
The body chamber, no diaphragm
Coelum
Muscular structure found at the tracheal bifurcation.
Syrinx
From a duck: an outpouching of trachea for vocalization
Syringeal bulla
Site of gas exchange: homologous with mammalian alveoli
Air capillaries
True stomach: glancular stomach where the first significant amount of digestive juices are added.
- mucosal ridges (look like papillae)
- simple columnar epithelium
- large submucosal glands
- one type of glandular cells (function as parietal and chief cell)
Proventriculus
(ventriculus)
- mechanical stomach
- muscular organ used to grind and break up food.
- may contain grit or small stones eaten by animal
- lined by a very thick keratinized layer (not epithelium)
- simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
- amorphous substance is the pellicle
Gizzard
The junction between the jejunum and ileum. Reminant of the yolk sac.
Meckel’s diverticulum
(lymphoid tissue)
at the most proximal part of the cecae
Cecal tonsils
AKA preen gland, found at the base of the tail
Uropygial Gland
What are the two main flight muscles and their functions?
Pectoralis- pulls wings down
Supracoracoideus- pulls wings up
What are the three categories of feathers?
1) contour- covers most of the bird
2) down- provides insulation
3) tufted bristle- look like eyelashes
what side of the body is the crop located?
On the Right side of the neck
Which species of bird lack gallbladders?
pigeons and budgies
what are three sections of the cloaca?
- coprodeum- receives waste from large intestines.
- urodeum- receives urine from kidneys via the ureter and sperm/eggs from gonads.
- proctodeum- temporarily stores and ejects materials.
which side of the ovary and oviduct is functional?
Left ovary and oviduct
the right side degenerates and ceases function before bird reaches maturity
what are the five parts of the oviduct?
1) infundibulum- site of fertilization
2) magnum- secretes thick white or albumen of the egg.
3) isthmus- adds 2 shell membranes
4) uterus (shell gland)- secretes thin white, shell, and shell pigment
5) vagina- holds egg till its laid
what is the function of the Thymus?
programs T-cells
what is the function of the Bursa of fabricius
B-cells are programmed
what are the four chambers of the avian heart?
same as the mammal
where are the kidneys located?
within the bony depression of the avian synsacrum (renal fossa)
what is their nitrogenous end product?
Uric acid (not urea)
what are the main differences in Avian and mammalian respritory system?
- tracheal rings are complete (form a circle)
- avian trachea is longer and wider than a comparable sized mammal
- airflow in the lung is unidirectional
- lungs are rigid, with little expansion and contraction
- air is moved by air sacs, which function as a system of bellows and air sacs may enter some bones
- no diaphragm
what is the Respiration cycle
-two inspirations and two expirations
~first inhalation- air passes into paired bronchi
-50% goes through the lungs and into the caudal air sacs
-50% goes into the lungs
First expiration- lungs fill with air from the caudal air sacs
-air from lungs and cranial air sacs empties through the trachea
Second inhalation-stale air (remaining 50% from first inhalation) empties from the lungs into the cranial air sacs.
Second expiration-cranial air sacs expel air out of the body.
what are the 8 air sacs in the chicken?
1-cervical 1-clavicular 2-cranial thoracic 2-caudal thoracic 2-abdomina
what are the functions of the air sacs?
- air reservoirs
- controlling body heat
- moistening air
- cushioning the subcutaneous body layer
- provides buoyancy
- aiding with some vocalization and courtship
- no gas exchange
