exam 5

Question 1

connects bone, enables movement via contraction which pulls on bone

Answer 1

skeletal muscle

Question 2

forms organs that squeeze, involuntary muscle

Answer 2

smooth muscle

Question 3

makes up heart

Answer 3

cardiac muscle

Question 4

weakening or reduction of muscle mass caused by age, starvation, nerve injury or disease

Answer 4

muscle atrophy

Question 5

knock kneed

Answer 5

genuvalgum

Question 6

bow legged

Answer 6

genuvarum

Question 7

bone disease that results in loss of bone density and development of fragile bones

Answer 7

osteoporosis

Question 8

risk factors for osteoporosis

Answer 8

older age, post-menopausal, sedentary lifestyle, steroid use, high intake of carbonated beverages, low weight, etc

Question 9

what are clinical manifestations of osteoporosis

Answer 9

back pain, easily fracturing bones

Question 10

how to diagnose osteoporosis

Answer 10

xray, MRI, DXA

Question 11

treatment of osteoporosis

Answer 11

nutritional therapy, vit D and calcium supplements, lifestyle changes, strengthening exercises

Question 12

what are nursing considerations for biphosonates

Answer 12

upright position, full glass of water, AM on empty stomach, elevate HOB

Question 13

lack of vitamin D, bones are soft and weak

Answer 13

osteomalacia

Question 14

foods high in vitamin D

Answer 14

fish, egg yolk, meat, cereals, milk

Question 15

infection of bone

Answer 15

osteomyelitis

Question 16

most common cause of osteomyelitis

Answer 16

staph aureus

Question 17

risk factors for osteomyelitis

Answer 17

poorly nourished, elderly, obese, impaired immune system, chronic illness, long term steroids, IV drug users, hemodialysis

Question 18

fever, chills, general malaise, bone pain, swelling, erythema, tenderness

Answer 18

acute osteomyelitis

Question 19

ulcer formation, localized pain, drainage

Answer 19

chronic osteomyelitis

Question 20

diagnosing osteomyelitis

Answer 20

wound cultures, blood cultures, biopsy, CBC, ESR, bone scan, x ray, MRI

Question 21

Treating osteomyelits

Answer 21

antbiotics, immobilization, surgical management

Question 22

what kind of precautions if MRSA develops

Answer 22

contact

Question 23

most common bone cancer- rapid growing and spreads easily

Answer 23

osteosarcoma

Question 24

s/s of osteosarcoma

Answer 24

pain, limited motion, weight loss, palpable tender mass, increase warmth

Question 25

most malignant bone cancer

Answer 25

ewings sarcoma

Question 26

disruption or break in the continuity of the bone

Answer 26

fracture

Question 27

open fracture

Answer 27

compound fracture- through the skin

Question 28

highest risk with open fractures

Answer 28

osteomyelitis

Question 29

compression of structures within a closed compartment of the upper or lower extremity

Answer 29

compartment syndrome

Question 30

what is important to check with compartment syndrome

Answer 30

CSM

Question 31

If CS is suspected, do you elevate the limb above the heart?

Answer 31

NO

Question 32

fat emobli are released into the blood stream from a fracture

Answer 32

fat embolism syndrome

Question 33

manifestations of FES

Answer 33

altered mental status (early sign), resp distress, tachycardia, fever, petechiae on arms

Question 34

treatment of closed fracture

Answer 34

immobilzation, ice, elevate, pain management

Question 35

what do you need to consider with splints and braces?

Answer 35

skin breakdown, numbness, CSM, compartment syndrome

Question 36

what is ORIF

Answer 36

open reduction, internal fixation- surgical repair of bone with screws, pins, plates and rods

Question 37

application of a pulling force (weights) on fracture with realignment

Answer 37

traction

Question 38

to decrease painful muscle spasms, boots and splints applied to skin with weights

Answer 38

bucks traction

Question 39

long term, pins inserted into bone- weights and pulleys are added

Answer 39

skeletal traction

Question 40

what are manifestations of hip fracture

Answer 40

external rotation of the hip, muscle spasms, shortening of the affected extremity, pain in the region of fracture

Question 41

what is arthroplasty?

Answer 41

replacement

Question 42

Hip precautions are for which kind of surgery?

Answer 42

arthroplasty only

Question 43

femur fracture

Answer 43

surgical ORIF with plates, nails, rods, or compression screw- long healing time (6 months)

Question 44

tibia-fibula fracture

Answer 44

closed reduction with casting (6-10 weeks)

Question 45

pelvic fracture facts

Answer 45

very vascular, must monitor h and h - high risk for hemmorage

Question 46

wear and tear disease involving the articular joints and surrounding tissue- degenerative change in the joint cartilage

Answer 46

osteoarthritis

Question 47

risk factors for osteoarthritis

Answer 47

trauma, obesity, sex and race, genetics, overuse, advanced age

Question 48

clinical manifestations of OA

Answer 48

pain with movement, crepitation of joint, stiffness

Question 49

clinically shown: heberdens and bouchards nodes

Answer 49

osteoarthritis

Question 50

what lab will show up with osteoarthritis

Answer 50

increased sed rate d/t inflammation

Question 51

chronic, progressive systemic autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent inflammation of the synovial joints

Answer 51

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 52

who is most likely to develop RA?

Answer 52

women, 75% of cases- diagnosis child bearing age

Question 53

how to diagnose RA

Answer 53

elevated sed rate, positive rheumatoid factor in blood, ANA positive

Question 54

early signs of RA

Answer 54

joint inflammation, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, general weakness, low grade fever

Question 55

late signs of RA

Answer 55

moderate/severe pain, morning stiffness, subcutaneous nodules

Question 56

clinical manifestation- butterfly rash

Answer 56

lupus