Exam 5 - 9,10,11 Flashcards
Gratitude
State of appreciation for life others or things
Ongoing Writing Study
2 groups
1 writes grateful, another life details
Tracked emotions
Credit List
Actively listing one’s accomplishments during a day
Impact Bias
Overestimate negative impact
Underestimate ability to adjust
Active Comparison
Comparison present situation with “worst off” scenario
Martin Seligman
A founder and researcher of positive psychology
Positive Psychology
Focus on character strengths and relationships that promise flourishing meaning and positive change
Subjective Well Being
Evaluation of life quality
Relatively enduring
Measured with self repot
Hunger-Food Metaphor
All humans experience hunger, we eat differently
(Subjective well being)
Longitudinal Nun Study
Followed cohort of nuns over time
Measured swb in 20s
Higher swb = 10 year longer life on average
The Broad and Build Model
Positive emotions increase willingness to act (motivate)
Flexible thinking leads to varied learning (build skills)
Positive emotions increase activity and flexibility of thinking
Clinical Psychologist
Provide mental health services such as assessment and talk therapy
Clinical Health Psychologists
Motivation to make health conscious choices
Some use biofeedback
Behavioral Medicine
Behavioral components of medical problems
Treatment compliance
Physical health focused
Trans theoretical Model of Change
Theory of change that spans multiple theories
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
SMART goal
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Time bound
Psychophysical Illness
Mind-Body illness
Stress related illness
Coronary Heart Disease
Plaque build up
Risk for cardiovascular disease and other illnesses
Stress increases risk
The 40 Accountant Study
Key finding: stress increases bad cholesterol which leads to CHD
Psychoneuroimmunology
Multi-disciplinary field studying how psychological factors such as stress affect the immune system
Lymphocytes
White blood cells that make up the immune system
Sheldon Cohen
20 years of research links stress to risk for common cold
Viral Challenge Studies
Expose people to virus and see who gets ill
Aerobic Exercise
Heart and lung activation
Moderate = 2 extra years of life in average
BYU Meta Analysis
Social support promotes health
Stress
Physical state
Perception/Experience of threat of challenge
Can be positive or negative
Eustress
Health promoting forms of stress
Also static Overload
Wear and tear on the body and brain causes by excessive or chronic stress hormone release
General Adaptation Syndrome
ANS- Sympathetic
Endocrine (hormonal) response resource depletion and exhaustion
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis
ANS- sympathetic
Endocrine response
The Superior Temporal Sulcus
Part of brain that “reads” others emotions
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
Antonio Damasio
Emotional response promote implicit learning to shape decisions
Trolley problem
Iowa Gambling Task
Used to study emotional learning
People tended to pick from the best deck
Differential Emotions Theory
Carol Izard
10 basic emotions
Inborn/hard wired
Observable I’m infancy
Blended in adults
Facial Action Coding System
Paul Ekman
Codes facial expression for “universal emotion”
Facial EMG
Measure muscle impulses to detect expressions
Theory of Constructed Emotion
Lisa Feldman Barret
Naturally social
Not purely hardwired
We use context to give things meaning
Affective Primacy
Robert Zajonc
Early implicit appraisal (low road)
Influences later appraisal
Ideograph study
Showed people Chinese characters, flashed emotion before, asked people to rate whether they like the character
Appraisal Theory
Richard Lazarus
Memory used to label experiences which changes biological response
Dimensional Approach
Arousal and valence
Waiting room study
Injected people, upped adrenaline
Reacted differently depending on how confederate reacted
Spillover Effect
Arousal impacts intensity of emotions
The same arousal can be experienced differently
Interpretation of situation impacts “emotional” valence
Emotions
Integration of arousal cognitive interpretations and expressive behaviors
Expressive behaviors, cognitive interpretations, arousal
Intrapersonal communication
Processing information within a person to make sense of the world and react
Interpersonal Communication
Exhibiting information that other people use to draw conclusions about us
James-Lange Theory
Brain interprets ANS Arousal (body then mind)
Cannon-Bard Theory
Added simultaneous subjective experience (body and mind at the same time)
Two Factor Model
Schacter and Singer
Two factors, arousal and valence
Needs Theory
Henry Murray
Needs = readiness to respond to cues in a certain way
Psychological drives act as if they are needs
David C McClelland
Studied motivation
Implicit measures
Self reinforcing
Types of motivation
Achievement
Power
Affiliation
Picture Story Exercise
Shown pictures
Respond any makes up stores
The ring toss study
Achievement motivation
Ghrelin
Secreted by an empty stomach activated lateral hypothalamus to increase hunger
Orexin
Neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus into the bloodstream. Increases hunger and sensitivity to cues
Leptin
Hormone secreted by fat cells that influences hunger and metabolism in way that impact long term weight
Unit Bias
People think in units, not degrees (ex calories)
WWII Deprivation Study
Ancel Keys
Semistarvayion
Near constant mental focus on food
Deprivation = tension/desire
Basal Metabolic Raye
How much energy your body burns at rest
Lateral Hypothalamus
Activates Orexin
Stimulate = full will eat more
Lesion = starving won’t eat
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
Stimulate = stop eating
Lesion = full will continue eating
Intrinsic Motivation
Internal
Self reinforcing
Expression = positive reinforcement
Extrinsic Motivation
Reflects learning
Expression = obtaining a reward or avoiding a negative consequence
Drive Reduction Theory
Physical imbalance creates uncomfortable tension states that push us to restore balance by addressing a need
Set (settling) Point
A “value” around which motives are regulated
Optimal Arousal Theory
Suggests we are motivated to seek a level of arousal that is experienced as ideal. However that varies by situation and person
Sensation Seeking
A personality trait focused on how much external stimulation is sought to generate arousal
Revised Yerkes-Dodson Law
Dominant tasks do better with high arousal while difficult tasks do better with low arousal
Prepotency
Lower motives are stronger. As they are satisfied, other motives emerge
Harry Harlow
Studied attachment systems, why children love their parents
Money with fake moms study
Joseph E LeDoux
Low and high roads
Memory and emotion
Emotional Response Categorization Theory
Paula Niedenthal
We mentally group things (and memories) by emotion
