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Psych 101 > Exam 4 - 7&8 > Flashcards

Exam 4 - 7&8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest distinctive sound unit

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2
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest distinctive unit conveying cultural or grammatical meaning

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3
Q

Semantics

A

Meanings of words and combinations

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4
Q

Syntax

A

A system of rules for arranging words into sentences

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5
Q

Receptive language

A

Ability to understand language

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6
Q

Productive Language

A

Ability to use language

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7
Q

Holophrastic Speech

A

Single words to express emotion

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8
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

Brief sentences and non verbal cues

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9
Q

Multi-Word Speech

A

Complex sentences with little symbolic capacity

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10
Q

Behaviorist

A

Children learn through stimulus
Environment
Ex: BF Skinner

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11
Q

Nativist

A

Language acquisition can be accounted for by a biological drive
Biologically motivated to acquire language
Ex: Noam Chomsky

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12
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A

Parts of the nervous system allowing us to acquire and use language

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13
Q

Universal Grammar

A

Aspects of language acquisition are universal due to biological preparedness

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14
Q

Language Critical Period

A

Easier to learn a language in childhood

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15
Q

Generative Grammarians

A

We hear and use rules, even when unable to state them

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16
Q

Interactionist

A

Motivation to acquire language is biological, use is shaped by environment
Ex: Vygotsky and Bruner

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17
Q

Scaffolding

A

Language modified to fit the development stage

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18
Q

Concept

A

Mental grouping
Associative webs

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19
Q

Conceptual Differentiation

A

Awareness of sub categories of concepts

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20
Q

Prototype Theory

A

We create an ideal representation of concepts

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21
Q

Prototype Matching

A

Categorizing by comparing with best fit prototype

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22
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Words and grammar cause our thinking

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23
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A

Words and grammar influence thought

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24
Q

The Description Studies

A

Wrote descriptions of self in mandarin and English, results different between languages

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25
Q

Algorithm

A

Liner problem solving process

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26
Q

Heuristics

A

Quick judgments
Error prone

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27
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

Categorizing something based on “nearness” or similarity to a mental prototype without considering other factors

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28
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Misestimate probability due to easily available info

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29
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Tendency to view past outcomes as more predictable than they were

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30
Q

The New Business Study

A

People recalled their estimates of failure lower than they predicted before starting a new business if they failed

31
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

General tendency to seek confirmation

32
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Staying with a discredited belief when confronted with discrediting evidence

33
Q

Mental Set

A

We tend to over rely on approaches to problems that have been helpful before instead of adjusting

34
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Associate objects to uses and problems
Struggles to use in different ways

35
Q

Framing

A

How an issue is posed influences decision making

36
Q

Insight

A

Sudden realization of a solution

37
Q

Wolfgang Köhler

A

Gestalt Psychology (whole > part)
Insight in chimps

38
Q

Intelligence

A

A mental capacity enhancing learning, functional performance, and adaptation across settings

39
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Mental age

40
Q

IQ

A

Estimate of intelligence

41
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Local norms

42
Q

Wilhem Stern

A

Deviation IQ
Normal curve

43
Q

David Wechsler

A

Wechsler intelligence scales

44
Q

Reliability

A

Consistent

45
Q

Validity

A

Accuracy

46
Q

Charles Spearman

A

Factor Analysis

47
Q

LL Thurstire

A

Theory of multiple intelligences

48
Q

Absolute Difference Approach

A

Level of performance

49
Q

Rank Order Stability

A

“Rank” stays the same over time

50
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

Takes place over several decades

51
Q

Social Control

A

External and situation factors
Other people

52
Q

Personal control

A

Individual variables
Choices

53
Q

Individual Differences

A

Ways people differ

54
Q

States

A

Situation based
Changes often

55
Q

Personality traits

A

Dispositions
Tends to stay constant

56
Q

Locus of Control

A

How a person thinks they have control
Internal vs external
Julian Rotter

57
Q

Big 5 Personality traits

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

All independent from one another

58
Q

Attitudes

A

Emotional evaluations
Predispose behavior
Help regulate emotions

59
Q

Explicit Attitude

A

Conscious evaluation

60
Q

Implicit Attitude

A

Automatic, intuitive evaluations

61
Q

Persuasion

A

Efforts to alter attitudes
Weaken/strengthen

62
Q

Dissonance

A

Inconsistency is perceived
Uncomfortable physical tension experiences
Attitudes != behavior
Leon Festinger

63
Q

Attributions

A

Judgments and interpretations regarding causes of event or outcome

64
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to attribute others actions to internal dispositions, while being flexible regarding self

65
Q

Self Serving Bias

A

Desire to enhance self view and maintain self preservation

66
Q

Just World Beliefs

A

Outcomes reflect internal dispositions
The world is just
A way to cope

67
Q

Social Impact Theory

A

Factors shaping impact of group
Strength of social influence
Immediacy (closeness)
Number of people in group

68
Q

Conformity

A

Altering attitudes/behaviors to agree with others expectations
Solomon Asch

69
Q

Social Facilitation

A

Frequency, intensity, and engagement of “dominant” behaviors increases in groups

70
Q

Social Loafing

A

Decreased effort when working in groups towards a shared goal

71
Q

Deindividualization

A

Reduction in self awareness
Loss of restraint
Uncharacteristic behavior

72
Q

The Bystander Effect

A

Decreased likelihood of helping a person in need when surrounded by people

73
Q

Minority Influence

A

Conformity can be broken with one influence

Psych 101 (4 decks)

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