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General Psychology > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Social psychology

A

study of causes and consequences of sociality

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2
Q

Aggression

A

behavior with the purpose of harming someone

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3
Q

Frustration-Aggression hypothesis

A

animals aggress when their goals are frustrated

negative effect causes aggression

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4
Q

Aggression is strongly correlated

A

with testosterone people feel powerful and confident

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5
Q

Women can be aggressive too, but their purpose of aggression is based on

A

protection rather than status

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6
Q

Cooperation

A

behavior by two or more individuals that lead to mutual benefit

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7
Q

Group

A

collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

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8
Q

Prejudice

A

positive or negative evaluation of another person based solely on their group of membership

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9
Q

Common knowledge effect

A

tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

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10
Q

Group polarization

A

tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone

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11
Q

Groupthink

A

tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony

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12
Q

Deindividuation

A

when immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values
* can lead them to do things they might not do on their own

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13
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

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14
Q

Bystander intervention

A

act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
* reveals that people are less likely to help an innocent person in distress when there are many other bystanders present, because they think the other bystanders are more responsible than they are

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15
Q

Altruism

A

intentional behavior that benefits another at a cost to oneself

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16
Q

Kin selection

A

process where evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives
* we help our relatives over strangers

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17
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

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18
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

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19
Q

Two kinds of love:

A

passionate love - experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and sexual attraction
companionate love - experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being
* ideal relationship has both types of love

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20
Q

Social influence

A

ability to change or direct another person’s behavior

* people are motivated to experience pleasure/avoid pain (hedonic motive)
* people are motivated to be accepted/avoid being rejected (approval motive)
* people are motivated to believe what is right/avoid believing what is wrong (accuracy motive)
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21
Q

Norms

A

customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture

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22
Q

Normative influence

A

occurs when another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate

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23
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

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24
Q

Conformity

A

tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
* results in part of normative influence

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25
Q

Obedience

A

tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

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26
Q

Attitude

A

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

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27
Q

Belief

A

an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

28
Q

Informational influence

A

occurs when another person’s behavior provides information about what is true

29
Q

Persuasion

A

occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

30
Q

Systematic persuasion

A

attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

heuristic persuasion - attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

31
Q

Foot in the door technique

A

involves making a small request and then following it with a larger request

32
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes, or beliefs
* have to act how they said they would

33
Q

Social cognition

A

how people come to understand others

34
Q

Stereotyping

A

how people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong
* four properties: inaccurate, overused, self-perpetuating and unconscious and automatic

35
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave

36
Q

Stereotype threat

A

the fear confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold

37
Q

Perceptual stereotypes

A

tendency for people to see what they expect to see

38
Q

Correspondence bias

A

tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution
often called fundamental attribution error

39
Q

Actor-observer effect

A

tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

40
Q

Stressors

A

specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person’s well-being

41
Q

Stress

A

physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors

42
Q

Health psychology

A

subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health

43
Q

Chronic stressors

A

sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly

44
Q

Fight or flight response

A

emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

* occurs in hypothalamus
* pituitary gland is stimulated
* adrenal gland releases hormones
45
Q

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

a three stage physiological stress response that appears, regardless of the stressor that is encountered

* alarm phase - fight or flight
* resistant phase - body tries to adapt and cope with the stressor by shutting down unnecessary processes
* exhaustion phase - body’s resistance collapses, leads to infection, aging, organ damage, death
46
Q

Stress negatively affects health and speeds aging

A

affects immune system

* affects cardiovascular health
* causes aging to speed up
47
Q

Immune system

A

complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances
* stress can wear this system down

48
Q

Type A behavior pattern

A

tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings
* more likely to have heart attacks

49
Q
  • Stress interpretation happens in two steps
A
  • primary appraisal - interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not
    • secondary appraisal - determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not (whether you have control over the event)
50
Q

Burnout

A

state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion resulting from long term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation

51
Q

Repressive coping

A

avoiding feelings, thoughts, or situations that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint

52
Q

Rational coping

A

facing the stressor and working to overcome it

* requires approaching rather than avoiding (like repressive coping)
* acceptance
* longed exposure
* understanding
53
Q

Reframing

A

finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat

54
Q

Meditation

A

turning inward

* meditation - practice of intentional contemplation

55
Q

Relaxation

A

picturing peace
* relaxation response - condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure

56
Q

Biofeedback

A

enlisting the help of an external monitor

* biofeedback - use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function
* can help people control physiological functions they were not aware of
57
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

boosting mood

* increases body’s production of neurotransmitters, serotonin, which can have a positive effect on mood

58
Q

Situation management

A
  • Social support - aid gained through interacting with others
  • Religious experiences
  • Humor - laughing it off
  • Scheduling and activating - getting it done
59
Q

Psychological effects of illness

A
  • sickness can make you miserable
60
Q

Psychosomatic illness

A

an interaction between mind and body that can produce illness

61
Q

Somatic symptom disorders

A

person with at least one symptom displays significant health related anxiety, exaggerates concerns about symptoms, and hyper focuses on health concerns

62
Q

Sick role

A

socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness

63
Q

Optimism aids in the

A

maintenance of physical health

64
Q

Hardiness

A

resistant to stress

65
Q

Self-regulation

A

exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line

General Psychology (4 decks)

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