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Domestic Animal Behavior > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Cattle Breeds

A
  • two types of cattle Zebu and Taurine
  • 1000+ breeds
  • Taurine and Zebu interbreed to create fertile offspring
  • Zebu influenced breeds are more heat tolerant
  • Taurine influence breeds are more cold tolerant
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2
Q

Where is social learning prominent in sheep and goats?

A
  • resource locations

- shelter locations

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3
Q

Female Mating and Sexual Behavior in Goats and Sheep

A
  • seasonally polyestrous
  • > exception is tropical breeds
  • females drive sexual activity
  • > influenced by day length because they are short day breeders
  • > mate in the fall
  • > lamb, or kidding occurs in the spring
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4
Q

Factors That Will Affect the Quantity and Quality of Maternal Care

A
  1. Maternal Experience
    - inexperienced mothers:
    - > are slower to start licking their offspring after birth
    - > are more disturbed by the activity of their newborn
    - > may butt the newborn, or move away when it tries to suckle, but this lasts for a short time
  2. Environmental Factors
    - low nutrition of mother during gestation
  3. Temperament and Breed
    - nervous or fearful mothers
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5
Q

Foraging and Feeding Behaviors in Sheep

A
  • Sheep prefer grazing

- > Consume Grasses and legumes

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6
Q

Goat and Sheep Social Recognition Cues

A
  • Visual and olfactory
  • Sheep can recognize familiars in photos
  • Can recognize up to at least 50 individuals
  • Recognition lasts for up to 2 years
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7
Q

Things that are critical when people are dealing with pigs

A
  • because they generalize their experience with humans at large, when dealing with pigs it is critical to act:
    1. Calmly
    2. Consistently
    3. Positively
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8
Q

Female Cattle Mating and Sexual Behavior

A
  • They are Polyestrous, or can breed all 12 months
  • > There are group calving dates
  • At about 9 months of age will have their first estrus which is a 21 day cycle
  • Standing heat, or receptive phase will last about 12 hours
  • > Allows bull to mount
  • Cattle also show Female-female mounting which indicates that the cow is coming into heat
  • > Can also attract bulls
  • Females often mate with several bulls
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9
Q

Neonatal Mortality in Goats and Sheep

A
  • 3 to 40% neonatal mortality
  • Caused by:
  • > birth trauma
  • > poor maternal and neonatal bond
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10
Q

Effects of Restricted Foraging Behavior in Horses

A
  • Stabling, or Concentrate Feeding Methods have negative effects
  • Causes a physiological issue because there is a reduction in saliva production
  • > This results in lowered minerals in gut, lowered bicarbonates in gut, effects the gut pH and effects the microflora
  • > All of this can cause colic
  • Can also cause behavioral problems such as crib-biting and wood-chewing
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11
Q

General Sheep and Goat Social Behavior

A
  • Highly social, or gregarious
  • follower species
  • in the wild, generally live in small to moderate group sizes
  • females and juveniles live together
  • males live together and have an overlapping range with females
  • generally stay on the home range
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12
Q

Cattle Purposes in Developing and Industrialized Countries

A
  1. Food production
    - > Meat and milk
  2. Draft animals
  3. Maintain grasslands
  4. Multi-purpose breeds
    - > Adapted to local climate
    - > specialized breeds dominate markets
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13
Q

Bull Group Structure Aggression Behaviors

A
  • threat displays are more elaborate
  • More prominent in intact males
  • Include vocalizations, pawing, rubbing the head on the ground and posturing
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14
Q

Stallions Social Behavior in Natural Living Environments

A
  • Protective and intervention behavior towards their breeding mares
  • Live with groups of mares (harems) and their immature offspring
  • There are exceptions such as occasional monogamy and the allowance of younger second stallion to aid in defense of the harem
  • Some all male bands may form which indicates that they are more cooperative than normally recognized, but a clear dominance hierarchy exists especially during short resources
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15
Q

General Cattle Care of Offspring and Nursing

A
  • Cows are considered Hider species and will leave the calf behind when foraging after parturition
  • calves suckle within hours of birth to receive the colostrum
  • fostering also occurs
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16
Q

Rhythms when cattle are in a Freestall Barn

A
  • Less synchronized lying and feeding behaviors when kept in freestall barns
  • Generally spread feeding and resting activity across a 24 hour period
  • They found that feed delivery to bunks will cause an 82% increase in feeding within the first hour compared to a 26% decrease in feeding within the first hour after returning from the milking parlor
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17
Q

Ancestral Wild Horse

A
  • social herbivore
  • survival depended on:
    1. Grasslands
    2. Vigilance
    3. Size
    4. Speed
  • Domestication Benefits:
    1. Power
    2. Transportation
    3. Food
    4. By products
  • glue
  • hides for leather
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18
Q

Mating Behaviors in Wild and Domestic Boars

A
  1. Wild Boars
    - mark their presence by leaving saliva on tree trunks and frequently wallowing
  2. Domestic Boars
    - will court proreceptive females by approaching them, short grunting, champ their jaws while salivating and may urinate
    - If the sow stands firm the male will sniff the sows head and anogenital region, nudge her, and mount her
    - > ejaculations last several minutes
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19
Q

The Modern Horse In Comparison to the Ancestral Wild Horse

A
  • sets up a dichotomy with the phylogeny of its ancestry
  • the ancestral phylogeny of the horse still underpins the essence of its behavior and failure to meet the behavioral needs has led to industrial horse management issues
  • > These issues include behavioral issues associated with chronic frustration and digestive issues associated with diets that are not well suited to the function of their digestive tract
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20
Q

Foraging and Grazing In Horse’s

A
  • Majority of a horse’s time is dependent on the forage availability and quality
  • Moves short distances frequently
  • When grazing a horse moves around foraging for between 50-70% of the time
  • Will take over 10,000 paces per day
  • Samples patches of forages
  • takes about 30,000 bites per day
  • takes about 60,000 chews per day
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21
Q

What are the consequences of Forced weaning in Sheep and Goats?

A
  • Forced Weaning disrupts:
    1. Learning and social development
    2. Induces stress in both the mother and offspring
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22
Q

Cattle Group Structure Dominant-Subordinate Affiliations

A
  • Affiliations are determined by positive (affiliative) interactions, and aggressive interactions
  • Aggressive interactions decline with familiarity
  • These Relationships can affect resource access to water, food, lying space, shelter space and breeding opportunities
  • Individual characteristics such as body size and horns can influence social success
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23
Q

Weaning in Beef Calves

A
  • about 6 months
  • Dam and milk removed at the same time
  • > increased stress
  • Dam and calf vocalize, there is excess pacing, and reduced grazing, or feeding
  • Two step process can reduce effects
  • > Ring in calf nose first
  • > Separate several days later
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24
Q

Feral or Wild Cattle Behavior

A
  • Are in groups of cows and calves
  • Groups of bulls form separate groups to defend a territory and intermittently interact with cows
  • Chirikof Island Cattle
  • > wild cattle since the 1800s
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25
Q

Offspring Development and Management of Horse

A
  • The mother’s response to stimuli influences the foal’s response to it
  • Early human handling of foal such as Miller’s imprint training, exploits the mother’s influence to habituate the foal to handling procedures
  • Exposure of the foal to the mother in work may be beneficial
  • > common in some cultures
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26
Q

Foraging and Feeding Behaviors of Wild Boars and Feral Pigs

A
  • Have a rich and varied diet
  • 10 to 40% is animal based
  • > higher amounts in feral pig
  • 60 to 90% is plant material
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27
Q

Domestic Pig Traits

A
  1. High Dry Matter (DM) intake
  2. High energy feed utilization
  3. Fast growth and efficient feed conversion
  4. High fertility
  5. Year round reproduction
  6. Less active and lower aggression
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28
Q

Predators of Sheep and Goats

A
  1. Fox
  2. Bear
  3. Lynx
  4. Wolverine
  5. Wolf
  6. Coyote
  7. Eagle
  8. Lion
  9. Baboon
  10. Feral pig
  11. Feral, or domestic dog
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29
Q

Weaning from milk in Dairy Calves

A
  • about 5 to 12 weeks of age

- When weaning is abrupt, calves vocalize and are more active at the time milk would normally be delivered

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30
Q

Sexual Behavior in Mares

A
  • Breed seasonally
  • In the wild, mares initiate the behavior 88% of time
    1. Tail raising
    2. Clitoral winking
  • > vulva exposed and pink
    3. Urine contains olfactory stimuli
    4. When ready for mating will stand with their tail raised
  • sawhorse stance
    5. After copulation, they will step forward for stallion to dismount
  • In captivity this may not happen and they will force the stallion back instead which may induce spinal issues
  • Sexual Behavior can lead to aggression and disobedience in mares
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31
Q

Horse Time Budgets

A
  • behaviors the horse naturally splits time for within a day
    1. Foraging and Grazing
    2. Rest and Sleep
    3. Social Interactions and Play
    4. Mating and Sexual Interactions
    5. Parturition
    6. Nursing
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32
Q

How do Wild boars and Domestic Pigs Budget their time?

A
  • Wild boars spend an equal amount of time resting as they do active
  • > 50:50
  • Domestic pigs spend 85% of their time resting
  • pigs need the opportunity to explore because they are naturally curious
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33
Q

Swine Communication Channels

A
  1. Olfactory Communication
    - Males excrete compounds that trigger standing estrus in sows
    - Used to communicate alarm, or stress
  2. Acoustic Communication
    - broad repertoire of vocal expressions
    - used to communicate identity, location, size condition, motivation, and emotion
    - sow grunts during lactation to signal pigs when milk is about to be released
    - > 20 seconds
    - piglets will squeal if trapped, fighting, or in pain
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34
Q

Female Aggression for Sheep and Goats

A
  • only occurs under limited resources
  • > butting
  • > shoving
  • dominance maintained by subtle behavior such as:
  • > eye contact
  • > resting chin on back of another animal to displace it
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35
Q

Predation Effects and Predator Control Methods For Goats and Sheep

A
  1. Predation Effects
    - loss to predation of about 1-30%
    - increases fear of conspecifics
  2. Predator Control Methods
    - Electric fences
    - Trapping
    - Hunting
    - Guard Animals
    - > lama, dog, donkey and cows
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36
Q

Mare Social Behavior in Natural Living Environments

A
  • Living in a social group requires the formation of affiliative associations
  • Usually have one or two social partners
  • Partners may interrupt their interactions with a non-partner
  • they leave bands when they become sexually mature which helps avoid interbreeding
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37
Q

Onset of Selective Attachment in Goats and Sheeps

A
  • Selective attachment formed in under 1 hour from birth
  • After that period, the mother will actively reject any not identified by the mother as her own offspring
  • Recognition strengthens with age and suckling
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38
Q

Finishing-growing operations in Domestic Cattle

A
  • Mixed sex groups
  • > Castrated males
  • > Females may, or may not be ovariectomized
  • Bulls typically kept in separate groups
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39
Q

Beef and Meat Production Two Phases

A
  1. Cow-calf operations
    - Pasture and range based
    - Calf stays with cow until about 6 months of age
  2. Finishing-growing operations
    - Weaned calves move to this phase
    - Feedlot cattle are finished on a grain based diet
    - Pasture cattle are finished on a roughage based diet
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40
Q

Cattle Purposes in Developing Countries and the Industrialized World

A 
A. Developing Countries Use
1. Food production
- Meat and milk
2. As Draft animals
3. To Maintain grasslands
4. Multi-purpose breeds, or breeds adapted to the local climate are popular
B. Industrialized World
- specialized breeds dominate markets in milk and meat production
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41
Q

REM Sleep in Horses

A
  • also called paradoxical sleep
  • Must be in lateral recumbency to occur
  • All muscles are relaxed
  • Critical to restoration and memory consolidation
  • Generally spend only about 5% of time in this phase
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42
Q

Warm Blood Horse Temperament Characteristics

A
  • created by crossing cold bloods with hot bloods
  • disposition towards a middle road
    -> medium temperament
    Ex: Quarter Horse and Tennessee Walker
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43
Q

Meat Cattle

A
  1. Angus
  2. Hereford
  3. Limousin
  4. Simmental
  5. Charolais
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44
Q

Play in Pigs

A
  • Piglets play by the first day of life
  • Frequency of play increases until about 3 weeks of age
  • Play comprises scampering, dashing, pivoting, and play fighting
  • Play is important as a welfare indicator
  • Rearing pigs in barren housing conditions will increase stress and cause stereotypies
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45
Q

Maternal Behavior of Lactation in Sheep and Goats

A
  • in the first week of life the lamb, or kid is allowed to suckle any time
  • after the first week, the ewe or doe will restrict suckling
  • During the first month, the ewe or doe will seek out the lamb, or kid when they are separated
  • > after this the lamb, or kid will seek out the ewe, or doe
  • > ewe, or doe raises its head and bleats to let lamb, or kid know it can approach
  • ewe, or doe do not generally protect their offspring
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46
Q

Housing Conditions Effect on Swine Emotions and Personalities

A
  • poor conditions make pigs pessimistic
  • emotions of pigs are affected by that of other pigs
  • > contagious
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47
Q

Behavioral Development of Piglets

A
  • sow’s nutrition affects the cognitive abilities of the piglets
  • provisions of straw, space, and contact with other litters improves social coping abilities later in life
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48
Q

Cattle Parturition

A
  • Gestation at about 9 months
  • Show restless behavior and spend more time standing
  • Separate from herd if space allows it
  • > Seek a secluded area
  • They give birth lying down and stand after parturition
  • Begin to Lick the calf to Encourage calf to stand, Clean off the amniotic fluid, and Facilitate recognition
  • Cows engage in placentophagia, or consumption of the placenta
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49
Q

Rest and Sleep Patterns in Horses

A
  • Have a polyphasic sleep pattern, so they will sleep for short durations many times within a 24 hour period
  • Typically they will not lay down unless in a familiar environment with familiar conspecifics
  • Can be affected by the season, age, environment, and it is unknown how housing and management influences rest and sleep patterns
50
Q

Cow-calf operations in Domestic Cattle

A
  • Cows and calves grouped together
  • Add bulls during breeding seasons
  • > if not using artificial insemination (AI)
51
Q

How many horses are there and the types?

A
  • there are about 62 million world wide
  • 680+ breeds
  • variation in size has a broad range
  • > large Percheron and Shire Breeds
  • > One dwarf miniature breed Thumbelina
52
Q

General Mating Behaviors in Swine

A
  • mean gestation length is 114 days
  • standing estrus is 1-3 days
  • > ovulation occurs at the end of day 2
  • > egg fertility declines after 4-8 hours
  • > sperm fertility in the female track can last 12 hours
  • Wild boars can generally only breed once per year
  • > synchronized estrus
  • Domestic Pigs
  • > have 2-2.5 litters per year
  • > natural or artificial insemination mating
53
Q

How do horses recognize feed?

A
  • initially recognizes feed based on familiar sensory characterizations such as:
    1. Shape
    2. Color
    3. Texture
    4. Smell
    5. Flavor
54
Q

Dairy Cattle Husbandry Systems in Industrialized Countries

A
  1. Tie Stall Barns
    - cows are kept indoors and tied to one location
    - cows are milked and fed in their stall
  2. Centralized Milking Location
    - Cows are brought to Parlor for milking
    - Robotic milking systems
    - Freestall barns and Pasture systems use these methods
55
Q

Dairy Cattle Care of Offspring and Nursing

A
  • Calves are removed at birth to decrease disease, improve milking ease and cause less separation stress
  • When isolated from mother, cows are hand raised which decreases the calf’s performance
  • Generally they are individually penned which may impair behavioral development
  • Milk replacer, or waste milk is used to feed dairy calves typically from a bucket, or teat on a bottle
  • Calves have a high motivation to suckle
  • > To avoid suckling frustration and prevent cross-sucking from occurring a combination of hay feeding, slower milk flow through the teat and access to a pacifier can be provided
56
Q

Play in Offspring of Goats and Sheep

A
  • begins within a few hours of birth
  • frequency increases to peak at 10-14 days
  • form play bands of peers
  • > closest to twins and litter mates
57
Q

Swine Taste, Hearing, Vision and Snout Perception

A
  1. Taste
    - They like sweet taste
    - > Bitter taste is aversive
  2. Hearing
    - Hearing is well developed
  3. Vision
    - Relatively good vision
    - > Not as good as human and cattle
    - Have Dichromatic Vision
    - > they can recognize blue, but not red from green
    - Blind angle from 50’ to 100’ behind
    - > wider vision than humans, but more narrow vision than cattle
  4. Snout
    - a powerful and sensitive tactile organ
58
Q

Male Aggression for Sheep and Goats

A
  • Mainly done to gain access to females
  • Horns are rank symbols
  • Two males with unequal sized horns generally do not fight
  • High intensity fights between similarly ranked males are rare, but can last for several hours
59
Q

Cattle Offspring Development

A
  • Calves decrease lying down time with age
  • They start manipulating grass in first days of life
  • They all must have milk in early life stages
60
Q

Weaning from milk in Beef Calves

A
  • at about 6 months of age
  • The Dam and milk are removed at the same time which causes increased stress
  • In response, Both the Dam and calf vocalize, perform excess pacing, and there is a reduction in grazing, or feeding
  • A Two Step process for weaning can reduce the effects
    1. Place a ring in the calf’s nose first to prevent nursing, but allow solid food consumption
    2. Separate the calf and dam several days later
61
Q

Male Courtship Behavior in Goats and Sheep

A
  1. Male stretching, twisting head, and neck horizontal to ground
  2. Low-pitched rumbling and grunting
  3. Licking ewe at shoulders and flanks
  4. Nudges female with muzzle
  5. Kicks her with his forelegs to determine if she will stand
  6. Mounts 1-4 times before ejaculation
62
Q

Digestive Strategy of Horse’s

A
  1. High voluntary intake of feeds
    - generally eat lower energy feeds
    - temperature effects feeding bouts
    - longer feeding bouts earlier in the morning and in the late afternoon
    - they rarely fast
  2. High rate of digestive passage
63
Q

NonREM Sleep In Horses

A
  • also called slow wave sleep (SWS)
  • can be done standing
  • most rest is done in this phase
64
Q

How to tell if a pig has become ill?

A
  • they will decrease their food intake and activity
  • increase sleep
  • shivering and vomiting will occur
65
Q

Offspring Learning Behaviors in Goats and Sheep

A
  • Raised head posture of a ewe
  • > signals offspring to approach and suckle
  • > similar to alarm posture used by sheep to teach their young alarm signals
  • flight response to predators
  • > part of response learned from adults
  • shelter location
  • resource location
66
Q

General Cattle Group Structure Aggression Behaviors

A
  • Lowering the head
  • Head-butting
  • Head to head pushing
67
Q

Periparturient Behavior of Sows

A
  • Will separate from the group 2-3 days before parturition if they can
  • They will nest build about 15 hours before parturition
  • During parturition or immediately after, the sow will lay on her side exposing her teats
  • piglets are born about 20 minutes apart
  • The sow sniffs the piglets as they pass by her snout for about 24 hours to facilitate recognition
  • > After 24 hours will reject any other piglets she does not recognize
  • The average piglet mortality during the first 2-3 days is 15%
  • > The two main causes are the undernutrition of the sow and crushing by the sow
  • > Calmness of the sow is important to avoid crushing from occurring
68
Q

Benefits of social living for sheep and goats

A
  1. Protection
  2. Finding a mate
  3. Resource location
  4. Care of young
69
Q

Male Cattle Mating and Sexual Behavior

A
  • Begin mounting at 2 months of age
  • They will regularly mount at about 4-6 months of age
  • They reach sexual maturity about 1-2 years of age
  • Age, size, and dominance effect the success of mating
  • To test if a cow is receptive they use visual and olfactory stimuli
  • Visual stimuli is female-female mounting
  • Olfactory stimuli involves sniffing a cows vulva, or urine
  • > They may display a Flehman response to allow pheromones to reach the vomeronasal organ
  • They will guard receptive females to prevent other bulls from mating
70
Q

Beef Cattle Care of Offspring and Nursing

A
  • Calves stay with cow for about 6 months
  • Cows initiate many suckling bouts typically 4-10 times per day
  • Cows will leave the calf to graze
  • After a few weeks, calves will seek out the cow for suckling
  • Will stay in groups with peers for the first few months
  • Cows vocalize to reunite with calf
  • > Contact calls and grunts right after birth facilitate future communication and recognition
71
Q

Hot Blood Horse Temperament Characteristics

A
  • generally high spirited and hot tempered
  • small and lean
  • good energy and endurance
  • agile
    Ex: Arabian and Barb
72
Q

General Horse Social Behavior in Natural Living Environments

A
  • Live naturally in Bands, or group living
  • The benefit is for predator avoidance
  • There is aggression within groups to maintain the social hierarchy
73
Q

Third Stage of Parturition in Horses

A
  • Postpartum Pause
  • Mare will typically lie for 15-20 minutes, but mares in captivity will stand within 5 minutes
  • > The early rise will snap the umbilical causing a decrease in blood supply by 1/3, decreased lung inflation and oxygen starvation of tissues
  • When the mare licks the foal for the first time, she often nickers
  • > This causes a chemical imprint with the foal
  • The placenta is expelled within 1-2 hours
  • > Ingestion is rare, but may investigate
  • A difficult birth may lead to the rejection of the foal
  • If it is a stillborn, the mare will remain close for first few hours and then move off
74
Q

Four Stages of Equine Sleeping Patterns

A
  1. Wakefulness
  2. Drowsiness
  3. NonREM Sleep
    - slow wave sleep (SWS)
  4. REM Sleep (rapid eye movement)
    - paradoxical sleep
75
Q

Housing Effects and Preferenes of Goats and Sheep

A
  • Stocking density
  • > increase in aggression if too high
  • > reduces time lying down
  • access to outdoors important
  • Bedding
  • > sheep prefer straw
  • > goats prefer wood floors and mattresses
  • Hygiene important
76
Q

General Horse Social Behavior in Captive Living

A
  1. Live in isolated housing
    - there is minimum limited contact between horses
    - > especially between the stallions
  2. Groups are set for convenience
    - Mares, Weaned Foals and Geldings place for convenience
  3. The social hierarchy is kept in flux
    - Hierarchy is kept in place with aggression
    - Affiliative associations are disrupted
    - It is more pronounced in captivity when there are space and group member changes
77
Q

Pig Cleanliness

A
  • they are naturally clean
  • if given the opportunity will avoid laying in their feces
  • they will defecate in specific areas
  • they do not self-groom or clean, therefore they stay clean by scratching against hard objects
78
Q

Wild and Feral Social Behavior in Swine

A
  • Live in matrilineal groups with kin related females and offspring
  • Adult Males (boars) live with female groups, alone, or live i bachelor groups
  • smaller groups are known to merge
  • > driven by a high concentration of resources
  • > between-group territoriality does not seem to exist
  • within groups dominance relationships exist
  • > does not preclude, or stop effective cooperation
79
Q

Wild Pig Traits

A
  1. Strong fight and flight response
  2. Diverse food supply
  3. Generally lighter and thinner
  4. Alert for predators
  5. Active and aggressive
80
Q

Ideal Temperatures for Domestic pigs

A
  • Small pigs need to be kept warm
  • With older pigs overheating is more of a concern because they do not sweat
  • > they must seek shade or wallow
  • > reduce their activity or feed intake
  • > high respiration as a last resort
81
Q

External Factors on Mating and Sexual Behaviors in Goats and Ewes

A
  1. Nutrition
    - undernutrition, or over nutrition may reduce mating behavior
    - undernutrition in females may cause estrus behavior not to exhibit
  2. Social Factors
    - “Male Effect” will induce estrus in females
    - Aggression may reduce mating for non dominant males
    - Early life rearing
    - > fostering cross species will cause the animal to prefer the species it was cross fostered with
    - age and experience
  3. Stress
    - heat stress will reduce mating behavior in males and females
    - fear will reduce estrus in females
82
Q

Behavior of the Sow during Lactation

A
  • synchronized suckling approximately every 50 minutes
  • Nursing episodes begin with 1-2 minutes of teat massage by the piglets
  • Milk is released for about 20 seconds
  • > rhythmic grunting by the sow calls piglets and increased grunting informs them about the milk release
  • 10 to 35% of nursing episodes do not result in milk ejection
  • During the first 2 weeks of lactation, the sow brings her piglets to her for suckling
  • > afterwards piglets come to the sow and the sow will gradually restrict
83
Q

Selection of Diet Components in Sheep and Goats

A
  • Often a learned response
  • > Food aversions
  • Avoid parasites and toxicity
  • Can remember location of feeds
  • New to area vs. familiarity
  • > they can tell which areas are new or familiar
84
Q

Domestic Social Behavior in Swine

A
  • dominance relationships are less stable than in cattle
  • > Therefore, there is increased fighting, position reversals, increased harassment of subordinates and renewed fighting after temporary separation
  • No allogrooming
  • No strong individual affiliations
  • Have a Strong tendency for coordination and synchronization of behavior in space and time
  • > one alarm bark will make all pigs freeze and attend
  • Exploratory behavior has a strong tendency to be synchronized
  • > indicates a need for enrichment materials
85
Q

Foraging and Feeding in Goats and Sheep

A
  • They are Ruminants and herbivores
  • Adapted to harsh conditions
  • > Can consume lichen and cacti
  • Feral Ronaldsay Sheep from Orkney, UK eat seaweed
  • Rumination like cattle
  • > Occurs for about 1/3 of a day
  • Graze, or browse for about 8 hours per day
  • > Time is affected by forage, or browse availability and quality
  • Stay together during grazing or browsing
86
Q

Foraging, or Feeding in Cattle

A
  • Cattle are both Ruminants and herbivores
  • Natural diet consists solely of plant material
  • They will ruminate for about 6-8 hours each day and can do so lying on their side or standing
  • Grazing and Feeding occurs for 6-10 hours per day for pasture cattle
  • Barn Feeding occurs for 4-6 hours per day
  • Length of feeding is determined by:
    1. Type of forage or feed
    2. Distribution of forage or feed
    3. Management system
  • > Grazing System vs Freestall Barn
87
Q

Feed Selection for Horses

A
  • Is a generalist herbivore
  • Is a hindgut fermenters
  • > hindgut bacteria plays a role in laminitis
  • Diet includes:
    1. Grass
    2. Forbes
    3. Shrubs
    4. Leaves
    5. Bark
    6. Roots
  • They select younger and greener plants because they are typically higher in nutritional value
  • Novel foods are approached cautiously and they will only have a small intake first
  • They can learn to avoid feeds that make them immediately ill
88
Q

Weaning Horses

A
  • In natural living, weaning is a long, slow process with low stress
  • in captive living, weaning is often abrupt and early which can cause abnormal behaviors
  • > utilizing group, or field weaning strategies may decrease some of these abnormal behaviors
  • They also found that giving the foal grain right after weaning may increase cribbing later in life
89
Q

Interactions of Pigs and People

A
  • Interactions determine trust and fear
  • Can recognize familiar and unfamiliar people by relying on various cues
  • > visual and olfactory
  • > Color of clothing
  • Tend to generalize their experience towards humans at large
  • > Back and forth, or inconsistent treatment is seen as negative
  • > Even limited negative treatment will influence their perception of people for a long time
  • pigs are more willing to approach a squatting or sitting person
  • once one pig interacts others will follow
  • primary communication between pigs and humans is acoustical
90
Q

Foraging and Feeding Behaviors of Domestic Pigs

A
  • They have high productivity such as large litters and fast growth rates
  • Therefore, they have high feed intakes and huge appetites
  • Need to ensure adequate feeder space
  • > if not fighting issues will occur
  • They still have the motivation to forage
  • > therefore providing enrichment will decrease stereotypies such as bar biting
91
Q

Second Stage of Parturition in Horses

A
  • Parturition phase
  • Allantochorionic sac bursts
  • > Followed by a Flehman response and a nickering
  • Normally will Lie on her side with her uppermost hind leg extended
  • Strains forcibly and regularly
  • > May rest between bouts
  • Phase lasts generally 10-30 minutes
  • Mare should not stand immediately because there is still extensive blood transfer through the umbilical to the foal
92
Q

Cognition in Swine

A
  • have outstanding learning, or cognition abilities
  • > they learn from experience, memorization, and can combine new and old memories
  • > holds true especially with food or social tasks
  • Can learn operational tasks and associations
  • > can be called to food using specific calls
  • > can deduce food location from other pigs behavior
  • > choose options based on a delayed reward such as washing an apple that is sandy before eating it
  • they have an episodic memory
  • > can remember where something occurred and in what context
93
Q

Cattle Group Structure Affiliation Behavior

A
  • Allogrooming, or social licking in the neck region

- Form grooming partnerships between specific individuals

94
Q

Horse Behavior at Birth

A
  • The mare exerts considerable control over the time of parturition
  • > likely a way to aid avoidance of predators
  • normal gestation is about 340 days +/- 3 weeks
  • frequently a night delivery
  • horse is a follower species
  • > foal will follow the mother
95
Q

Sow Mating Behavior

A
  1. Proreceptive Behavior, or active displays of upcoming receptivity
    - starts about 2 days before standing estrus
    - will linger around the boar, or boar pen
    - they will also nose the flanks of other sows and mount them
  2. Receptive Behavior
    - reacts to the boars smell and grunting
    - > will stop movement, may squeal, or urinate and will allow the boar to mount
96
Q

Rhythm when Cattle are on pasture

A
  • Cattle have a Distinct Diurnal Rhythm when on pasture
  • Synchronized behaviors within a herd
  • Most feeding occurs during daylight in the morning, or late afternoon
  • > Weather may move grazing to night and is usually temperature driven
  • Spend more time lying down at night
  • > But, there is often a lying bout during the middle of the day
  • Cattle spend 8-12 hours lying down per day with about each lying bout lasting 1 hour
97
Q

Maternal Behavior at Birth in Goats and Sheep

A
  • Withdraw from social group
  • > In the wild, will find a remote, or rugged site
  • > Do this to reduce predation
  • > Gain privacy to form a strong bond
  • Increased restlessness/pawing
  • Lip-licking
  • Straining behavior
  • > standing and lying
  • Delivery takes 1-2 hours
  • Twinning is relatively common
98
Q

How many horses are there and the types?

A
  • there are 62 million world wide
  • 680+ breeds
  • variation in size
  • > broad range
  • > Percheron/Shire are about 76 inches at the withers
  • > Thumbelina (dwarf/miniature) are about 17 inches
99
Q

Weaning in the wild and production operations in Goats and Sheep

A
  • in the wild, lambs and kids are weaned at about 6 months near the rut
  • > mother initiates weaning
  • In production operations, they are weaned at about 8 to 12 weeks
  • > ruminant digestion and gut development is mostly complete by 8 weeks
  • > But, given the opportunity they will continue to suckle for psychological reasons
100
Q

Gestation, estrous cycle and standing heat (estrus) lengths in Does and Ewes

A
  1. Gestation
    - Doe is about 150 days
    - Ewe is about 147 days
  2. Estrous Cycle
    - Doe is 21 days
    - Ewe is 27 days
  3. Standing Heat (estrus)
    - Doe is about 24 hours
    - Ewe is about 30 hours
101
Q

Swine Scent Sensitivity Perception

A
  • Scent sensitivity matches that of dog
  • They can detect humans hundreds of meters away
  • Can locate food that is hidden, or underground
  • Can Avoid traps
  • Can Recognize familiar from unfamiliar pigs
  • > can remember at least 30 individuals
  • Other scent information from an individual they can get is its sex, reproductive status, and dominance status
102
Q

Tactile and Visual Signals for Communication in Swine

A
  1. Tactile Signals
    - teat massage by piglets triggers milk letdown
  2. Visual Signals
    - used by wild boars
    - bristling
    - ear position
    - tail movement
    - arching back
103
Q

Behavioral Patterns in Swine

A
  • no known loss of behavioral patterns

- Rather, change is qualitative and quantitative

104
Q

Foraging and Feeding Behaviors in Goats

A
  • goats are adventurous with feeding
  • > sample many items
  • Goats prefer browsing
  • > Mobile lips allow plucking of leaves
  • > Eat more in terms of bites than sheep
  • > Adept climbers
105
Q

Following and Synchronous Behavior in goats and sheep

A
  • Mothers have close bonds with their offspring
  • > Young follows the mother
  • Group follows a leader
  • > Leader is generally an older animal
  • > Dominant animal near the front, but not leading
  • –> Food benefits
  • –> Predation benefits
  • > May be an antipredation strategy because members inconspicuous when all engaged in the same activity
  • Some cultures sheep trained to follow shepherd
  • > Some abattoirs, or slaughter houses make use of Judas sheep for easy movement
106
Q

Cold Blood Horse Temperament Characteristics

A
  • stable calm temperament
  • generally large
  • gentle disposition
  • placid interactive style
    Ex: Clydesdale and Shire
107
Q

Care of Horse Offspring

A
  • The foal explores for the teat and the mare may guide the foal to teat
  • > will allow initial suckling for about 20 minutes
  • Environment may confuse the foal
  • > for example a foal may head towards hanging hay instead of a teat
  • Milk letdown and suckling will help form a maternal and foal bond
  • Human imprinting may occur if foal is artificially reared
  • Foal suckles every hour for the first few days
  • > The mare cuts in nursing bouts in half by the end of the first week
  • Foal stays close to the mare and the mare may instigate some separation
  • Mare may be aggressive towards foal if nursing is painful
  • Weaning occurs naturally at about 40 weeks
  • > shortly before the mares next birth
108
Q

Male Mating and Sexual Behavior in Goat and Sheep

A
  • seek out estrus female
  • assess reproductive status by:
  • > sniffing anogenital area and urine
  • > Flehman response
  • will urinate on their bellies, legs and beards
  • > serves as a dominance indicator
  • Will attend or court a female
109
Q

Fight Behavior In Swine

A
  1. Sideways head knocking
  2. Pushing, or shoveling
  3. Levering
  4. Biting
    - especially around the head, neck and body areas
  5. Damage to the head and neck
    - indicative of reciprocal fighting
110
Q

Weaning in Wild and Domestic (Commercial Production) Pigs

A
  • Wild pigs, wean piglets at about 4-5 months
  • Domestic pigs wean at about 3-5 weeks
  • > it is an abrupt separation and can lead to feeding issues and diarrhea
  • > mixing litters together will increase fighting
  • > if weaned at 3 weeks or earlier, belly nosing is common
111
Q

Fight Behaviors of Male Goats and Sheep

A
  1. Nudging
  2. Kicking, or striking with their forelegs
  3. Rumbles, or growling noises
  4. Head clashing
112
Q

First Stage of Parturition in Horses

A
  • Immediately Before Birth
  • Restless and wandering
  • She may swish her tail, turn her head towards her flanks, and kick at her belly
  • She will frequently urinate, paw, crouch, and lie down and get up again
  • Can last Minutes to days
113
Q

Domestic Sows and Juvenile Aggression

A
  1. Occurs over food availability
    - limited space and amount
    - mixing of unfamiliar animals
    - a few animals account for most of the fighting
114
Q

Onset of Maternal Behavior in Goats and Sheep

A
  • Immediately after birth there is an extreme focus on newborn
  • > Will lick and emit frequent low-pitched bleats, or rumbles
  • –> Two main purposes for this:
    1. Helps to dry and stimulate the newborn
    2. Facilitates a bond
  • With Twins:
  • > Switch to second newborn after tending first
  • > Same response to second as first
115
Q

Cattle Social Behavior

A
  • Gregarious, or social animals

- If isolated it will cause stress including increased heart rate, vocalizations, and defecation and urination

116
Q

Sexual Behavior in Males

A
  1. Flehmen response
    - Increased exposure to vomeronasal organ
  2. If it is a receptive mare, they will nip, or nudge along the mares body towards her neck
    - Behavior can appear as aggressive between mare and stallion
    - BUT, if the mare responds favorably to the stallion he will extend his penis
  3. Attempts mount from the side, or behind
  4. Intromission is achieved after a few exploratory thrusts
  5. Copulation occurs
    - Total time between mounting and copulation is about 30 seconds
    - Stallion may squeal at the end
    - Will show mated mares greater attention over next few days
117
Q

Pigs Emotions and Personalities as Individuals

A
  • despite synchrony, pigs are individuals

- their personality varies along a dimension from passive to aggressive, or explorative

118
Q

Female Estrus Behavior in Sheep and Goats

A
  • bleating
  • restlessness
  • urinate often
  • raise, or fan tail
  • In goats you will see female-female mounting
  • they will seek out a male
  • Show courtship behavior such as:
  • > turning in front of preferred male
  • > rubbing along his chest and flanks
  • > following him
119
Q

General Horse Communication for Social Behavioral

A
  • They share the location of resources
  • They recognize familiar conspecifics
  • They discriminate unfamiliar conspecifics
  • > Being able to recognize conspecifics is important so they can react to their age, sex and dominance status
  • Horses use visual, auditory and olfaction information to respond to conspecifics
120
Q

Feral or Wild Cattle Behavior

A
  • Groups of cows and calves
  • Groups of bulls
  • > To defend the territory
  • > Intermittently interact with cows
  • Chirikof Island Cattle
  • > wild cattle since the 1800s
121
Q

Social Recognition in Goats and Sheep

A
  • Sheep groups when mixed stay separated for a time
  • Over time, sheep of the same breed will become integrated into a single group
  • But different breeds will remain as separate groups
  • > Demonstrates the recognition of familiar animals

Domestic Animal Behavior (5 decks)

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