Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Domestic Animal Behavior > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Black Box to Conceptualize motivation

A
  • general ethologist approach to conceptualizing motivation
  • > uses Tinbergen’s questions
    1. What is the causation of the behavior?
    2. What is the function of the behavior?
    3. How does the behavior develop during ontogeny?
    4. How does behavior develop during phylogeny?
  • have not traditionally been concerned with neurobiological mechanisms
  • concerned with broad patterns or rules of behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hypothalamus response function

A
  • located at the base of the brain
  • governs the motivational state, and thus the behavior of animals
  • > homeostatic mechanisms and related emotional reactions
  • > body temperature, feed and water intake, sexual behavior and rage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Oxytocin involvement in maternal behavior

A
  • responsible for maternal behavior
    ex:
  • grooming of pups in the rat
  • sow gentleness around piglets
  • milk ejection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Intervening Variables to Conceptualize motivation

A
  • a drive or motivational state can explain the relationship of multiple inputs and outputs
  • takes the black box apart and provides organization associated with motivation and behavior going back to the stimuli
  • summarizes the many observed relationships between these inputs and outputs by postulating just one single variable that is influenced by ALL the many input variables and that in turn influences ALL the output variables
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cholecystokinin

A
  • is secreted during meals from the small intestine
  • short term intake regulation
  • decreases meal size
  • no change in between meal interval (or shortened)
  • no change in total food consumption overall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neurotransmitters of the reward system

A
  • signaling agents
    1. Dopamine
  • cognition, motivation, sleep, mood, stereotypies
    2. Serotonin
  • In humans: depression, compulsive-obsessive eating disorders
  • animals: fear, anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Motivation States that are hormone based and have no hormone involvement

A
  • may be associated with changes in hormonal status, but not always
    1. Hormone based states:
  • thirst
  • hunger
  • reproduction
    2. No known hormone involvement (likely CNS only- occuring within the brain)
  • play
  • socialization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neurohypophysis

A
  • posterior pituitary lobe
  • > extension of the hypothalamus
  • releases hormones that affect the peripheral target tissues directly
  • > Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin
  • –> increases water reabsorption in the kidney
  • > Oxytocin (affects behavior)
  • –> affects smooth muscle contraction, positively related to social/maternal behavior of mammals, and milk production/ejection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reward System

A
  • important mechanism for driving animal behavior
  • > reward = pleasant experience
  • > punishment = unpleasant experience
  • the limbic system is involved
  • > amygdala is an important component
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 phases of Sleep

A
  • sleep can be defined electrophysiologically with two main phases:
    1. REM (rapid eye movement)
  • also called paradoxical, or active sleep
    2. NREM (non-rapid eye movement)
  • also called quiet, orthodoxical, or slow-wave sleep
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why should we understand motivational states?

A
  1. Training regimes
    - can help us design training regimes where the reinforcers offered are most likely to cause animals to rapidly learn what we want them to learn
  2. Moving animals
    - help us encourage animals to move from one location to another (ex: to a milking parlor in cattle)
  3. Promote desired behaviors
    - maternal
    - feeding
    - sexual
    - > help us to promote the maternal, feeding and sexual behaviors that we wish to see in the animals we are looking after
  4. Assess welfare states
    - help us improve animal welfare states such as:
    - > illness
    - > pain
    - > depression
    - > boredom
    - > abnormal behaviors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

External stimuli: Importance

A
  1. Triggering escape motivation
    - smell, or sight of predator
  2. Aggression
  3. Predatory response
  4. Exploratory motivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

NREM sleep

A
  • slow breathing
  • slow heart rate
  • decreased metabolic activity
  • absence of dreams
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Adenohypophysis

A
  • anterior pituitary lobe
  • > regulated by neurohypophysis and hypothalamus through releasing/inhibiting hormones
  • Hormones produced include:
    1. Growth Hormone (GH)
  • growth, milk production, immunology
    2. Prolactin
  • maternal behavior and milk production
    3. Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
  • secreted from the pars intermedia (btw anterior and posterior lobes), regulates pigment formation
    4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  • central part of stress response
    5. Thyrotropin Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
    6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • regulates reproductive behavior
    7. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • regulates reproductive behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypothalamus’ role in reproduction

A
  • main regulator of reproductive functions
  • controls LH and FSH secretion
  • > LH/FSH target the ovaries and testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Motivational States: Internal Stimuli

A
  1. Common effectors
    - hormones
    - metabolites
    - neurological activity
  2. Disrupted homeostasis
    - a strong internal stimulus
    - > dehydration
    - > starving
  3. Reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

5 ways to look at Conceptualizing motivation

A
  1. Black box
  2. Intervening Variables
  3. Psychohydraulic model
  4. Thermostat-like model
  5. Neurobiological approach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Do all emotional states have a motivational one?

A
  • Not all motivational states have an emotional component!!
  • No clear answer
  • Terminology issue in literature
  • > Neuroscientists (disregard subjective feeling) vs others
  • Some emotions so strong that there are clear motivational effects
  • > Bored mink driven/motivated to explore
  • Blurred lines between states such as motivational vs emotional
  • > Highly motivated behavior tightly linked to emotion
  • > fear is an example with properties of both (is running due to fear or do to a motivated behavior?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sleep Cycles amongst species

A
  • made up of one or several REM and NREM phases
  • cycle length is species specific
    -> short in prey and grazing species
    Ex: calf sleep in 5 minute periods throughout a 24 hr day
  • total duration of sleep varies between species
    -> time spent eating (grazing animals spend less time sleeping)
    -> available food sources (how far do they have to travel to get the food)
    -> digestion (is it quick or long)
    -> rumination (ruminants)
    -> ecological niche
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Weakness of Psychohydraulic Model to Conceptualize motivation

A
  • implies that motivation stays high unless behavior is performed
    -> this is not always the case
    Ex: it is true when involves eating or drinking
    Ex 2: Not true when involves fighting, if rival is not present animal will not become more and more likely to fight
    Ex 3: Not true when involves fear, if predator is not present animal will not become scared and more likely to hide, or make alarm calls
  • cannot capture positive feedback signals
  • can not capture hysteresis
    -> stimuli levels are changed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Important hormones in maternal behavior

A
  • Prolactin
  • Oxytocin
  • Progesterone
  • Prostaglandin 2a (PGF2a)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Decision making process

A
  1. stimulus is processed by the sensory system
  2. Comparison with prior experiences and evaluation of expected reward, or punishment
  3. Motor output and response is selected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Motivation and Emotion: Humans

A
  • emotions involve subjective feelings, so hard to come to a consensus on how motivation and behavior work together
  • positive emotions are evoked in relation to rewards
    -> enhance our effort to attain the reward
    Ex: praise from a family member or friend
    Ex 2: raises for a job well done
  • negative emotions in relation to punishment
    -> enhance our effort to escape situations that result in punishment
    Ex: escaping a spider by hiding under a table
    Ex 2: avoiding electric shock (sticking a bobby pin in an electric outlet lol Strickland)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A
  1. The body’s biological clock is governed by the SCN
    - regulates biological rhythms and entrains the tissues’ circadian rhythms
  2. The SCN is regulated by light via the retinohypothalamic tract
    - this is a pathway from the photoreceptive cells to the SCN
  3. Secretion of melatonin from the Pineal Gland is driven by the SCN
    - modulator of circadian rhythms
    - promotes sleep
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Positive emotional response and highly motivating reward effects

A
  • homologous neuronal paths in animal and human
  • > nucleus accumbens
  • > orbitofrontal cortex
  • suggests animals and humans have similar pleasant and negative emotions during highly motivated behaviors
  • > not fully agreed that this is the case
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Guppy example of behavior affected by external cues and internal states

A
  • guppy example describes how external cues and internal states affects the courtship behavior in males
  • demonstrates how the size of the female (external stimulus relating to her attractiveness for a male), and the color patterns on the male (indicative of his rapidly changing internal sexual state) combine to affect courtship behavior in the male
  • the figure shows that the attractiveness (size of the female) required to elicit a given display in the male declines as the relevant internal state of the male changes
  • > the readier the male is to mate, the more likely small females are to trigger courtship displays
  • > meanwhile for less ready males in a more quiescent, or dormant state only the largest females will succeed in eliciting this behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A
  • biological processes by which a body function recurs naturally on a 24 hour cycle
  • > circadian
  • ultradian is a cycle of less than 24 hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Leptin

A
  • secreted mainly from fat cells
  • long term intake regulation
  • decreases meal size
  • no change in between meal intervals
  • higher in obese individuals
  • > leptin resistance
  • > occurs in humans and pets
  • may benefit animals putting on fat for hibernation or food shortage periods
  • associated with crib-biting
  • > low before concentrate delivery, shows that it plays a role in motivating feeding and stereotypic behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Motivational state characteristics

A
  1. Motivational states are reversible
  2. Motivational states vary in magnitude from one moment to the next
    - > often in response to the passage of time since a behavior was last performed
    - > the time since stimulus
  3. The quality of potentially reinforcing stimuli appearing in the animals’ environment
    - quality of food
    - > the nutritional value of the presented food
    - the fertility of a mate
    - threat posed by a potential predator
30
Q

Neurobiological approach to Conceptualize motivation

A
  1. Opens the black box
    - attempts to study mechanisms associated with:
    - > Brain integration of internal and external stimuli
    - > Prioritization of competing behavioral patterns
  2. Insights gained to processes common to all motivational systems
    - Internal state influences the motivational state of a stimulus
    - > Remember the guppy reproduction example
    - One motivation must outcompete all others so that a choice is made
    - > choice made to Eat, rather than play, or drink, etc.
    - Must lead to the determination that the effort is worth meeting the motivation
    - > Size of barrier that an animal willing to overcome to perform a task
31
Q

Light/Dark Cycle in sheep and swine

A
  • seasonality of reproduction has negative impacts on optimizing the production capacity
    1. in sheep:
  • it is very hard to regulate year round breeding
    2. In swine:
  • lower piglet production in the fall, even though the domestic pig is no longer a strict seasonal breeder
  • In the fall there is also a higher level of testosterone, higher amount and quality of sperm, and a higher level of boar sexual activity
  • Found that it was due to the length of the light, not the intensity that drives the system
32
Q

Interaction: Internal and External Stimuli

A
  • most motivated behaviors are affected by a combination of external cues and internal states acting together
    1. Thirst and water quality
    2. Feeding
    3. Guppy reproduction
33
Q

Decision making process

A
  1. stimulus is processed by the sensory system
  2. Comparison with prior experiences and evaluation of expected reward, or punishment
  3. Motor output and response is selected
34
Q

Examples of Biological Rhythms

A
  1. Hormonal Fluctuations
    - ACTH
    - Cortisol
    - > highest in the morning and lowest in the evening
    - > sleep deprivation reduces the pulse amplitude
    - Growth Hormone (GH)
    - > sleep onset stimulated GH
    - > sleep deprivation reduces GH
    - prolactin
  2. Sleep and Rest Cycle
  3. Body temperature
  4. Feeding
35
Q

Emotions accompany motivated behavior

A
  1. Negative
    - when satisfying the purpose of the behavior is not possible
  2. Positive
    - when behavior is rewarded with resolution
36
Q

Mechanisms to regulate feeding

A
  • very complex
  • requires the integration of multiple mechanisms
    1. Eating a large bulk of low energy feeds
  • fill stomach of the animal, but does not meet energy requirements
    2. Eating a low bulk high energy feeds
  • will not fill the stomach of the animal, but meets the energy requirements
    3. Starvation risk
  • hypothalamus will increase the pleasure of eating and make the motivation to eat a high priority
37
Q

Hypophysis

A
  • pituitary gland
  • Master gland
  • > regulates peripheral endocrine functions
  • at the base of the hypothalamus
  • serves as hypothalamic link to endocrine functions
  • two parts of hypophysis
  • > neurohypophysis (posterior lobe, it is an extension of the hypothalamus)
  • > adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
38
Q

Motivation and Emotion Influence on eachother

A
  1. Closely linked
    - remember “emotion” is a a property of highly motivated behavior
  2. For animal welfare (and humans for that matter)
    - negative emotions
    - > contrary to good welfare
    - positive emotions
    - > good for welfare
39
Q

Prolactin in maternal behavior

A
  • supports milk production
  • influences maternal behavior
  • > initiation of nest building in pigs
  • influences nursing behavior of the dam
40
Q

Maternal behavior that is largely under hormonal control

A
  • Nest building
  • Nursing behavior
  • Mother-offspring bond
  • > Continual feedback from offspring needed to maintain maternal behavior
41
Q

What are the Properties of Highly Motivated Behavior?

A
  1. Decisions made are influenced by changes in motivational states
  2. Reinforcing value of external stimuli is influenced by motivational state
  3. Goals prioritized by an animal are influenced by motivational state
  4. Intensity of interaction with sought-out reinforcer is influenced by motivational state
  5. Emotions accompany motivated behavior
42
Q

Thermostat-like Model to Conceptualize motivation

A
  • illustrates how behavior brings animal’s current state close to desired outcome
  • behavioral control is due to:
  • > Negative Feedback
  • > Hysteresis
  • –> non return to base level, thus affecting follow up response
  • > Positive Feedback
  • > Feed Forward
  • incorporates behavioral sequences
  • > appetitive phase
  • > consummatory phase
43
Q

Motivational states do not explain:

A
  1. Reflex reactions and actions that occur the same way every time
    - blinking
    - pulling limb back from heat, or flame
  2. Behaviors that do not involve stimuli that act as reinforcers
    - defecation or urination in animals that do not seek out particular sites for this behavior such as cattle and sheep
  3. Irreversible changes in behavior
    - result of maturation and getting older
44
Q

Ghrelin

A
  • produced by endocrine cells in the stomach
  • short term intake regulation
  • stimulates eating, increases the feeling of hunger
  • increases meal size
  • obese individuals have lower ghrelin
  • hypothalamus mediates its effects on eating behavior
45
Q

Goals prioritized by an animal is influenced by motivational state

A
  • key component of motivated behavior is seeking, or pre-preparatory phase
    -> “appetitive phase”
    Ex: hungry chickens will wade through water to forage
    Ex 2: hungry sheep will travel long distances for food rewards
    Ex 3: caged minx/foxes will push heavy doors for certain environmental enrichment
  • appetitive behavior may involve learned components
    -> once learned as a component of being highly motivated, animals are more inclined to perform the behavior with speed and persistence
46
Q

Sleep cycles in young vs mature animals

A
  • mature mammals/birds
  • > usually start cycle with NREM sleep, then deepens with REM sleep
  • young of terrestrial mammalian species sleep more and have more REM sleep than adults
  • sleep is essential for brain development in young, and REM sleep is connected to the early development phases
  • > altricial young(can not move around by themselves right after birth), like rat pups, sleep the vast majority of the day, about 70%, whereas calves only sleep about 20% of the day
  • young animals have a need for energy retention, which can be achieved through sleep
47
Q

Motivational States: External or Eliciting Stimuli

A
  1. Time of Day
  2. Season
  3. Social faciliitation
    - sights, or sounds of other animals performing a behavior
  4. Resource identification
  5. Threat identification
  6. Pavlovian Conditioning (classical conditioning)
48
Q

Reproductive behavior is affected by:

A
  • largely controlled by endocrinological sequences, but also affected by external factors such as:
    1. season
    2. food availability
    3. social factors
49
Q

Limbic System Parts

A 
Main Components
1. Hypothalamus
2. Hippocampus
3. Amygdala
Other
4. Orbitofrontal cortex
5. Nucleus accumbens
Associated
6. Forebrain
50
Q

Total Daily Sleep Time by species

A
  • prey sleep for less time and predators sleep for longer
  • rat and rabbit are unique because they burrow and make nests
  • > the nests make it hard for predators to reach them
51
Q

4 Sleep Rhythm Types

A
  1. Monophasic
    - sleeps one time a day
    - > primates
  2. Biphasic
    - set time to sleep, but might sleep during the afternoon anyway (nap)
    - > primates
  3. Polyphasic
    - sleep many times a day
    - > ruminants, horses, prey animals
  4. Unihemispheric
    - one half of the brain sleeps
    - > birds
    - -> one cerebral hemisphere sleeps, while the other remains awake (the eye on the opposite side remains open to search for predators)
    - -> can also regulate which side of the brain sleeps, this is affected by predator pressure
52
Q

What causes an animal to eat or to cease eating?

A
  1. Illness
  2. Satiety
  3. Physical Activity
  4. Glucose and lipid levels
53
Q

Stress-related Behavior

A
  • coordinated by the hypothalami-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis
  • response to stress: causes an increased glucocorticoid release and an activation of the fight or flight response
  • > increased HR
  • > increased BP
  • > increased oxygen transport
  • > increased blood sugar
  • individuals are bright and alert
54
Q

REM Sleep

A
  • deep sleep
  • > the stimulus to wake up from REM sleep is higher than that of NREM sleep
  • > a long REM sleep period is a threat to survival of prey species
  • 20 to 25% of sleep time
  • dreaming occurs
  • brain wave pattern more similar to waking state than NREM
55
Q

Why is the timing of reproduction set to a certain time of the year?

A
  • to maximize offspring survival
  • availability of food resources
  • the seasonality of the reproductive cycle is regulated by light/dark cycles
56
Q

Intensity of interaction with sought-out reinforcer is influenced by motivational state

A
  • interaction with reinforcer (ex: food) of “consummatory phase” of motivated behavior becomes faster, prolonged and harder to interrupt
    ex: birds deprived of dust bathing when allowed to finally perform behavior will do so for longer and more vigorously
  • A related change is that the quality of reinforcer becomes less important
  • > stale bread will be eaten if person is starving
  • > quality of food that animal may turn away at one point, may be eaten at another point due to their motivational state
57
Q

Cholecystokinin

A
  • is secreted during meals from the small intestine
  • short term intake regulation
  • decreases meal size
  • no change in between meal interval, or interval is shortened to make up for smaller intake per meal
  • no change in total food consumption overall
58
Q

Limbic System Functions

A
  • Orbitofrontal cortex
  • > decision making
  • nucleus accumbens
  • > feelings of pleasure and addiction
  • amygdala
  • > key structure involved in emotional processes
  • > may require forebrain involvement to process in relation to expectations and associations
59
Q

Motivational states/drives

A
  • influence several aspects of behavior
  • drives occur within in the brain and include:
    1. Thirst
    2. Hunger
    3. Fear
  • also include cause urges to:
    1. migrate
    2. play
    3. explore
    4. sleep
    5. mate
    6. nest build
    7. Dust bath
60
Q

Decisions made are influenced by changes in motivational state

A
  • help explain why strong stimuli for behavior have differing effects under different contexts
    -> feeding after fasting/starving (highly motivated to eat)
    -> recent feeding (not fasted, low motivation to eat)
    -> dust bathing in birds
    —> if deprived the opportunity (if birds are deprived the opportunity to dust bathe their motivational state will be influenced- highly motivated to dust bathe, so they will vigorously dust bathe when finally get the opportunity)
    vs
    —> the opportunity being routinely available (if birds are given the opportunity to dust bathe they will make a normal routine rhythm)
61
Q

Psychohydraulic Model to Conceptualize motivation Depicts:

A
  • tap = influence of internal stimuli
  • weight = influence of external stimuli
  • water level = motivational level
  • depicts how internal and external motivational influences combine together to determine motivation
  • behaviors occur in predictable patterns
  • explains several aspects of behavior change with increased motivational state
  • > duration
  • –> how long a behavior is going to last
  • > rate
  • –> how motivated the animal is explains how quickly it occurs
  • the lower the water level = less motivation to do something
  • the higher the water level = the more likely to perform a behavior
62
Q

Light/Dark Cycle in the egg industry

A
  • chickens generally decrease egg production with shortening day length
  • in response, artificial lighting is used to extend laying throughout the year
63
Q

Neuropeptides of the reward system

A
  • signaling agents
  • endorphins are found mainly in the hypophysis, and encephalins are found mainly throughout the nervous system
  • > both bind to opioid receptors
  • > cause a pleasurable feeling
  • > reduce the perception of pain
  • > rise in response to pleasure
  • In humans: associated with drug addiction involving narcotic opioids
  • > morphine, heroin and oxycontin
  • In animals: endogenous opioids are related to stress response and performance of stereotypies
64
Q

Sleep cycles in young vs mature animals

A
  • mature mammals/birds
  • > usually start cycle with NREM sleep, then deepens with REM sleep
  • young of terrestrial mammalian species sleep more and have more REM sleep than adults
  • sleep is essential for brain development in young, and REM sleep is connected to the early development phases
  • > altricial young(can not move around by themselves right after birth) sleep the vast majority of the day, about 70%, whereas calves only sleep about 20% of the day
  • -> rat pups
  • young animals have a need for energy retention, which can be achieved through sleep
65
Q

Regulation of feeding

A
  • governed primarily by the hypothalamus
  • chemostatic (glucose levels)
  • > molecules within the body drive whether an animal eats or not
  • distension
  • > the fill of the stomach, short term immediate feedback process
  • hormonal control
  • > satiety, or intake affect
  • cognitive aspects
  • > what we do and do not like
66
Q

Reinforcing value of external stimuli is influenced by motivational state

A
  • likelihood animal will form associations between stimuli and predictive cues or activities
  • > hungry animals are easier to teach using food than sated animal
67
Q

Feeding importance

A
  • prerequisite for survival
  • > amount and quality of nutrients (food, water and housing)
  • complex mechanisms have evolved to insure motivation to eat
68
Q

How the Psychohydraulic Model to Conceptualize motivation functions

A
  • cistern of water that can overflow via a valve, the overflow represents the performance of the behavior
  • cistern steadily fills from an in-pipe, representing steadily increasing levels of internal stimuli when a behavior is not performed
  • overflow via the valve occurs if a combination of the pressure due to the build-up of water in the cistern (the build-up of internal stimuli) and the weights pulling on the valve (influence of external stimuli) reaches a critical threshold
  • flow ceases again once the fluid level in the cistern, and hence the internal pressure, has decreased
  • tap = influence of internal stimuli
  • weight = influence of external stimuli
  • water level = motivational level
69
Q

What are motivational states?

A
  • causal explanations for animal behavior (their drive behind it)
  • concepts that help explain why animals’ behavior patterns change from one moment to the next, especially in terms of which external stimuli are responded to, or ignored, and how rapid or effortful their behavior is
70
Q

Prolactin involvement in maternal behavior

A
  • supports milk production
  • influences maternal behavior
  • > initiation of nest building in pigs
  • influences nursing behavior of the dam

Domestic Animal Behavior (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions