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Neuroscience > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

which CN is affected with Bell’s Palsy

A

CN VII (facial)

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2
Q

damage to CN VII leads to weakness on the _____ side of the face

A

ipsilateral

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3
Q

what are the 2 major functions of CN VIII

A

balance and hearing

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4
Q

what are the 3 functions of CN VIII auditory division in regards to our daily activities

A

orient head and eyes to sound
adjust arousal to sound
conscious awareness and recognition of sound

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5
Q

what part of the brain adjusts our arousal to sound

A

reticular formation

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6
Q

what part of the brain orients our head and eyes to sound

A

inferior colliculus

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7
Q

what part of the brain gives us conscious awareness and recognition of sound

A

thalamus and primary auditory cortex

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8
Q

Hearing loss can be either _____ or ______

A

Conductive

Sensorineural

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9
Q

what is 2 of the biggest reasons for conductive hearing loss

A

wax or infection

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10
Q

type of hearing loss that occurs either in the outer or middle ear where air is not conducted into water

A

conductive hearing loss

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11
Q

type of hearing loss were there is a problem with the receptor cells. Can be an issue with peripheral sensory neuron (CN VIII) or damage to pathway inside the brain (central pathway)

A

sensorineural

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12
Q

What are different types of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) dysfunction

A

Hearing loss/deafness

Tinnitus

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13
Q

ringing in the ear

A

tinnitus

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14
Q

the (afferent) protector of the airway

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

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15
Q

what does CN IX innervate

A 
soft palate 
pharynx
posterior 1/3 of tongue (bitter taste)
carotid sinus 
salivary gland
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16
Q

CN IX is the ___ limb of the swallow/gag reflex

A

afferent

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17
Q

detector or initiator of swallow reflex

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

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18
Q

CN X (vagus) is both afferent and efferent to 3 what places

A

pharynx
larynx
viscera

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19
Q

executes the swallow reflex

A

CN X

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20
Q

CN that moves your vocal cords through vibration

A

CN X

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21
Q

S/S of CN X (vagus) dysfunction

A

difficulty speaking
hoarse voice
difficulty swallowing
asymmetric elevation of soft palate
Loss of efferent limb of gag & swallow reflexes
Poor digestion (can become constipated easily)

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22
Q

When your patient speaks, his voice sounds hoarse. When you have him open his mouth and say, “Aah” you notice that the soft palate (back of the throat) does not elevate as usual. Damage to which of the following cranial nerves would most likely produce both of these signs?

A

CN X

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23
Q

Function of CN XI (spinal accessory)

A

elevates shoulders and controls sternocleidomastoid (turns head)

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24
Q

Function of CN XII (hypoglossal)

A

innervates extrinsic muscles of ipsilateral tongue

Especially important for speaking and swallowing

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25
Q

S/S of CN XII dysfunction

A

difficulty speaking (hard consonants not clearly articulated or any sound where tongue is pushed against palate)
difficulty swallowing
can’t move food for chewing
tongue sticks out to weak side when asked to stick straight out

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26
Q

what CN are involved with the oral stage of swallowing

A

V (moves jaw up and down)
VII (closes the lips)
XII (moves food around to be chewed)

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27
Q

what CN are involved with the pharyngeal stage of swallowing

A

IX (detector of bolus to swallow)

X (executes swallow reflex)

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28
Q

what CN are involved with the esophageal stage of swallowing

A

CN X (works bolus down throat)

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29
Q

difficulty swallowing

A

dysphagia

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30
Q

difficulty with mechanically producing speech

A

dysarthria

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31
Q

CN involved with larynx and soft palate for speech production

A

CN X (vagus)

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32
Q

CN involved with jaw in speech production

A

CN V (trigeminal)

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33
Q

CN involved with lips in speech production

A

CN VII (facial)

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34
Q

CN involved with tongue in speech production

A

CN XII

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35
Q

The most anterior piece of the brainstem that primarily has UMN axons and cell bodies of CN that have motor function

A

base

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36
Q

the back of the brainstem where axons of sensory function and the cell bodies of sensory associated cranial nerves

A

tegmentum

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37
Q

roof of the brainstem. Reflex movement

of eyes. Plus reflex movement of head in response to sight and sound

A

tectum

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38
Q

as a group, what does the reticular formation do for us

A

Regulate consciousness and sleep/wake cycle
Regulate level of “arousal” within the central nervous system
Part of the descending pain control system that turns off pain in the dorsal horn of spinal cord
Provide autonomic control (control of “vital” and “visceral” functions)
Contain “non-specific” activating tracts that raise excitability of lower motor neurons in ventral horn of spinal cord.

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39
Q

as a group, where does the reticular formation project to

A

up to head, back to cerebellum, and down to spinal cord (back, side, and front)

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40
Q

what CN are geographically associated with the medulla

A

CN IX-XII (9-12)

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41
Q

Contains the cell bodies of neurons that go back to the cerebellum and tell the cerebellum what you meant to do

A

pons

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42
Q

what CN are geographically associated with the pons

A

CN 5-8

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43
Q

where do corticospinal UMN cross midline

A

bottom of pyramids

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44
Q

not only does the cerebellum coordinate movement, but what other 2 things does it do

A

helps plan movement (timing and targeting) and helps shift attention

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45
Q

what are the segments of the brainstem

A

cranial nerves

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46
Q

damage to the segments will produce ____ S/S

A

ipsilateral

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47
Q

damage to the vertical tract will produce ___ S/S

A

contralateral

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48
Q

what structure do the vertebral arteries lay over

A

pyramids

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49
Q

what CN might be damaged by a vertebral artery stroke

A

CN 9-12

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50
Q

where does the vertebral artery supply blood

A

corticospinal tract in pyramid (vertical tract)
medial lemniscus
cell bodies of hypoglossal (CN XII)

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51
Q

if you damage the medial lemniscus on the L, the patient will lose somatosensation on the __ side of the body

A

R

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52
Q

if the L brainstem is damaged, the ___ side of the tongue will be weak

A

L

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53
Q

if there were damage to the cerebellar pathways, it would produce ____ s/s

A

ipsilateral

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54
Q

if there were damage to autonomic control neurons, it would produce ____ s/s

A

ipsilateral

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55
Q

pattern of sensory and motor function for damage like a CVA leads to “face ___ side” and “body ____ side”

A

same, opposite

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56
Q

just for the ____ nuclei, there’s one UMN that stays on the same side to help control eyes, eyebrows, and forehead

A

facial

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57
Q

one-sided weakness that is just the mouth, you can be confident that weakness is being caused by a ___ that damaged ___

A

CVA, UMN

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58
Q

if the entire side of the face is weak, you know that that is __ damage and is caused by ______

A

CN, Bell’s Palsy

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59
Q

If CN ___ is damaged, all of one side of the face will be paralyzed

A

VII (facial)

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60
Q

Since some neurons in the reticular formation are autonomic control, what 3 changes might they see

A

HR, breathing, and BP regulation

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61
Q

A stroke in the vertebral artery would damage the hypoglossal nerve. What would be a sign of this?

A

dysarthria

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62
Q

what is the progression of consciousness (worst to best) seen especially with brain injury

A 
coma
(persistent) vegetative state
minimally conscious state
stupor
obtunded
delirium 
syncope
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63
Q

what 2 things will a tumor do

A

increase ICP and squeeze reticular formation

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64
Q

what is the hallmark of increased ICP

A

headache (esp that kind that wakes you up from sleep)

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65
Q

system that functions to keep us visually and physically steady in the world

A

vestibular system

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66
Q

the vestibular system contributes to maintenance of _____ and ______

A

balance, equilibrium

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67
Q

the vestibular apparatus has ______ canals

A

semicircular

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68
Q

what are the 3 semicircles of the semicircular canal

A

anterior, horizontal, posterior

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69
Q

semicircular canals are filled with ____ and contain _____ cells

A

water, hair

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70
Q

More action potentials are sent from the hair cells on the side you’re turning _____, and fewer action potentials on the side you’re turning _____ from.

A

toward, away

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71
Q

shaking your head “No” is what type of movement

A

angular

72
Q

changes in _____ position make hair cells change their activity

A

head

73
Q

action potentials go UP in the circle you’re moving ____

A

toward

74
Q

action potentials go DOWN in the circle you’re moving _____

A

away from

75
Q

how are seminarcular canals depolarized

A

angular/circular movement
acceleration
deceleration

76
Q

part of your inner ear that has hair cells that signals action potentials when bent, but they are buried in jelly.

A

otolithic organs

77
Q

crystals that sit on top of the jelly in otolithic organ.

A

otoconia

78
Q

otoconia send ____ action potentials when pulled toward gravity

A

more

79
Q

what depolarizes otoconia

A

gravity
linear movements
acceleration
deceleration

80
Q

nuclei that help you maintain equilibrium

A

vestibular nuclei

81
Q

what information (sensations) do vestibular nuclei receive

A 
(every system that tells them how you're moving)
vestibular 
vision
proprioception
tactile
auditory
82
Q

what are the outputs of the vestibular nuclei

A

(every system that can keep you in equilibrium)
conscious awareness of head position and movement
eye movements
head movements
posture of head and body
(reticular formation) nausea and vomiting
(reticular formation) altered consciousness
cerebellum

83
Q

what makes up the visual system

A

sight
eye movement control
sight information used in postural and limb movement control

84
Q

part of the retina closest to the nose.

A

nasal retina

85
Q

part of the retina closest to the temporal bone

A

temporal retina

86
Q

Axons from nasal retina cross the midline here. This puts all information about the right side of space on the left side of the brain (and vice versa).

A

optic chiasm

87
Q

help move the head when they get light information from the eyes

A

superior colliculi

88
Q

Keep the eyes focused on an object of interest while the head is moving

A

gaze stabilization

89
Q

Move the eyes to focus on an object of interest

A

direction of gaze

90
Q

interaction between the inner ear and the eye muscles. This reflex adjusts the contraction of our eye muscles so that the eyes stay still while they head moves

A

Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex(es) (VOR)

91
Q

reflex that helps to recenter your eyes on an object that’s moving fairly slowly

A

optokinetic reflex

92
Q

keeps your eyes steady while the head moves. Effectively, eyes move opposite in direction of head

A

VOR suppression

93
Q

most powerful reflex for gaze stabilization

A

VOR suppression

94
Q

consciously moving the eyes to follow a moving object while the head is still

A

smooth pursuit

95
Q

jumps of the eye from one point of focus to another point of focus when the object is not moving

A

saccades

96
Q

Involuntary back and forth movements of the eyes designed to keep the visual world as steady as possible when we’re moving (esp. turning or spinning)

A

nystagmus

97
Q

s/s of disorders in the vestibular system

A 
vertigo
nausea
nystagmus
dysequilibrium 
vestibular ataxia 
impaired gaze stabilization
98
Q

What UMN are linked to vestibular apparatus

A

vestibulospinal neurons

99
Q

peripheral disorder in the semicircular canals where 1 ear sends too many signals for the conditions

A

unilateral hyperfunction

100
Q

damage to optic chiasm results in

A

bitemporal hemianopsia

101
Q

one eye blindness leads to lack of _______ _______

A

depth perception

102
Q

bitemporal hemianopsia leads to lack of _____ vision with _____ vision only

A

nasal retina (peripheral), temporal retina (central)

103
Q

typically damage to the optic tract where all of the axons have been gathered that see 1/2 of visual space

A

Homonymous hemianopsia

104
Q

disorder where 1/4 of the visual field is gone

A

Quandrantopsia

105
Q

eye movements are associated with ___ nerves

A

cranial (III, IV, or VI)

106
Q

hypofunction of vestibular system leads to

A

loss of gaze stabilization

107
Q

hyperfunction of vestibular system leads to

A

nystagmus? (go back and check)

108
Q

selective filter for cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

109
Q

what are the relay nuclei of the thalamus that go to the cortex

A

sensory systems
basal ganglia
cerebellum

110
Q

homeostasis coordinator. Part of the modulatory system of autonomic function.

A

hypothalamus

111
Q

white fiber bundles that connect the R and L hemispheres in a side to side pattern

A

commissural fibers

112
Q

largest commissural fibers

A

corpus callosum

113
Q

white fiber bundles that go forwards and backwards within a hemisphere (can go from gyrus to gyrus or lobe to lobe)

A

association fibers

114
Q

bundles of white matter that go up and down or in and out of head

A

projection fibers

115
Q

largest projection fibers (every axon going into/out of head)

A

internal capsule

116
Q

pyramids contain axons of what kind of cells

A

corticospinal cells (pyramidal cell)

117
Q

part of the cortex that receives the sensory signal and does simple discrimination

A

primary sensory cortex

118
Q

part of the cortex that makes meaning out of sensation

A

secondary sensory cortex

119
Q

part of cortex that bring in all perception. Thinking parts of the brain that make meaning out of all of it.

A

association cortex

120
Q

cortical area that discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects

A

primary somatosensory

121
Q

cortical area that has conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds

A

primary auditory

122
Q

cortical area that distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects

A

primary visual

123
Q

cortical area that discriminates among head positions and head movements

A

primary vestibular

124
Q

cortical area that functions in stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment

A

secondary somatosensory

125
Q

cortical area that analyzes motion, color; control of visual fixation. Helps you name what you see.

A

secondary visual

126
Q

cortical area that separates language from everything else and classifies sounds to give them meaning

A

secondary auditory

127
Q

cortical area that helps to plan trunk and girdle movement, anticipatory postural adjustments

A

premotor area

128
Q

cortical area that helps plan distal extremity movements. Organizes, sequences, and controls fine motor movements

A

supplementary motor area

129
Q

cortical area that helps plan speech or how to say words

A

Broca’s area

130
Q

hemisphere that is dominant for language

A

L hemisphere

131
Q

cortical area that plans the paraverbal and non-verbal aspects of speech

A

area analogous to Broca’s in opposite hemisphere

132
Q

what cells live in the precentral gyrus

A

corticospinal and corticobrainstem

133
Q

cortical area that communicates with basal ganglia through executive loops. Setting goals, making plan to get there. Does divergent thinking

A

dorsolateral prefrontal association

134
Q

cortical area that does sensory integration. It brings together all of your sensory information and makes meaning out of the whole thing. Does convergent thinking. Helps us understand spoken language and spatial relationships

A

parietotemporal association

135
Q

cortical area behind eyebrows and above eyes loop with basal ganglia. Behind eyebrows is behavioral flexibility and control. Above eyes is limbic loop with basal ganglia. Controls mood and emotions, participates in motivation, socially appropriate bevaior, and gives you your personality.

A

Ventral prefrontal

136
Q

short term subjective experience

A

emotion

137
Q

sustained emotional response

A

mood

138
Q

Damage to ______ cortex or its connections may reduce control over undesirable behaviors

A

orbitofrontal

139
Q

When we’re under stress our _____ nervous system increases muscle tension

A

somatic

140
Q

When we’re under stress our _____ nervous system shunts blood from skin & gut to muscles

A

autonomic

141
Q

When we’re under stress our _____ system enhances cardiac function, relaxes intestines, increases metabolic rate

A

Neuroendocrine

142
Q

How does cortisol help the “fight or flight response”

A

Mobilizes energy (glucose)
Suppresses immune system
Turns on anti-inflammatory system
Turns on “memory maker” cells (hippocampus)

143
Q

What are the negative effects of chronic stress response

A

Increased blood sugar
Immunosuppression
Blood vessel changes
Damage to cells of the hippocampus

144
Q

memory that maintains goal-relevant information for a short time

A

working memory

145
Q

parts of brain that are connected with working memory

A

prefontrol cortex and parietotemporal cortex

146
Q

explicit memory of facts, faces, dates, places

A

declarative memory

147
Q

stages of declarative memory

A 
Encoding
Consolidation
  Synaptic
  Systems
Retrieval
148
Q

how is synaptic consolidation achieved

A

repetition

149
Q

implicit memory of skills and habits

A

procedural memory

150
Q

stages of procedural memory

A

Cognitive (“what to do”)
Associative (“how to do it”)
Autonomous (“do it”)

151
Q

When does systems consolidation occur

A

sleeping

152
Q

which hemisphere is dominant for language

A

L

153
Q

the ability to put “bookmarks” in working memory

A

ability to divide attention

154
Q

to pay attention to one stimulus and ignore the rest

A

selectively attend

155
Q

what will be lost if the thalamus is damaged

A

contralateral somatosensation

156
Q

if the internal capsule on one side of your body is damaged, what side will you lose motor function

A

contralateral side

157
Q

damage to the brainstem leads to S/S face ____ side, body ____ side

A

same, opposite

158
Q

MCA damage leads to S/S : face ___ side, body ____ side

A

opposite, opposite

159
Q

people with basal ganglia damage would have trouble with

A

learning new tasks or executing old tasks (motor learning)

160
Q

what will you lose if post central gyrus is damaged

A

discriminitive touch and conscious proprioception

161
Q

how would you treat someone with a loss of proprioception

A

substitute another sensory system (i.e. vision)

162
Q

If primary auditory area is damaged, what loss will occur

A

conscious localization of sounds and the ability to compare 2 ears

163
Q

inability to identify and name something despite being able to see it and describe it

A

visual agnosia

164
Q

inability to distinguish sounds even though you can describe them

A

auditory agnosia

165
Q

inability to create and execute a motor program despite intact sensation, coordination, and strength

A

apraxia

166
Q

Damage to dorsolateral prefrontal association results in

A

Loss of executive function
Loss of motivation and goal-directed behavior
Loss of divergent thinking (contrast with “convergent” thinking)
Loss of behavioral flexibility

167
Q

Damage to parietotemporal association results in

A

Loss of problem solving (“convergent” thinking)
Disturbance of “receptive” communication (dominant hemisphere)
Difficulty interpreting the non-verbal and para-verbal aspects of communication (non-dominant hemisphere)
Difficulty comprehending spatial relationships (non-dominant hemisphere)

168
Q

Damage to ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association results in

A

Disturbances of personality and emotion
Impaired social judgment
Apathy
Lack of insight

169
Q

abrupt mood shifts. Involuntary, inappropriate emotional expression in the absence of subjective emotion

A

emotional lability

170
Q

loss of declarative memory

A

amnesia

171
Q

aka PTA (post traumatic amnesia), amnesia for making new memories

A

anterograde

172
Q

amnesia for things that have happened before/memory

A

retrograde

173
Q

people with damage to basal ganglia may have what type of deficits in regards to memory

A

procedural learning deficits (calling up old motor plans)

174
Q

expressive, non-fluent aphasia

A

Broca’s aphasia

175
Q

receptive, fluent aphasia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

176
Q

the hypothalamus releases what 2 important ligands from the pituitary gland

A

beta-endorphin (pain reliever/feel good) and cortisol (mediates stress response)

177
Q

what type of fibers make up the visual streams (dorsal and ventral)

A

association fibers going from lobe to lobe (long)

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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