Ch.1 Flashcards
approach that investigates the chemistry and physics involved in neural function
molecular neuroscience
approach that considers distinctions between different types of cells in the nervous system and how each cell type functions
cellular neuroscience
approach that investigates groups of neurons that perform a common function
systems neuroscience
approach that looks at the interactions among systems that influence behavior
behavioral neuroscience
approach that covers the fields of thinking, learning, and memory
cognitive neuroscience
Name the two general types of cells that make up the human nervous system
- neurons 2. glia
neurons that convey information into the CNS. Information moves from peripheral receptors to CNS.
afferent neurons
neurons that transmit information from the CNS to peripheral structures.
efferent neurons
neurons that connect only with other neurons
interneurons
nervous system that is encased in the vertebral column and skull, includes the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebellum, and cerebral regions
central nervous system
consists of all parts of the nervous system that are not encased in the vertebral column or skull. Includes the median, ulnar, sciatic, and cranial nerves, which are groups of axons
peripheral nervous system
composed primarily of unmyelinated neuron cell bodies. Where information is integrated.
gray matter
composed of axons, projections of nerve cells that usually convey information away from the cell body, and myelin, an insulating layer of cells that wraps around the axons. Where information is conveyed.
white matter
Identify the 31 segments of the spinal cord
C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5, C1
function of the reptilian brain
gross movements, day-to-day survival, vital signs, autonomic control
function of the limbic system
“survival of the species” fight, flee, feed, reproduce
function of the neocortex
higher level thinking and reasoning, fine movements, and socially appropriate behavior
what is a tract/lemniscus/fasiculus/column/peduncle/capsule?
bundle of white matter (myelinated neuron processes)
what is a ganglion/nucleus/horn?
bundle of gray matter
what type of function is the ventral horn associated with?
motor function
what type of function is the dorsal horn associated with?
sensory function
what type of function is the lateral horn associated with?
autonomic function
region where the spinal cord is located inside the bony spinal column (vertebrae)
spinal region
what is a collection of spinal processes that attach to the spinal cord and “bloom” away from the spinal cord in the body
spinal root
what type of function do the ventral root axons have?
motor function
what type of function do the dorsal root axons have?
sensory function
the dorsal root and ventral root come together to make what (the one place where the sensory and motor neurons come together)
spinal nerve
what are the three rami that branch from the spinal nerve
dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, communicating ramus
what type of function is associated with the dorsal ramus
sensory, motor, and autonomic
what type of function is associated with the ventral ramus
sensory, motor, and autonomic
what type of function is associated with the communicating rams
autonomic
two main spinal cord functions
transmission and processing of information
where does transmission take place
up and down along an axon in the columns
where does processing take place
at the junction of neurons
what 3 parts make up the brainstem in order from most caudal to least
medulla, pons, midbrain
what cranial nerves are found in the medulla
IX Glossopharyngeal (swallowing, salivation, and taste) X Vagus (regulates viscera, swallowing, speech, and taste) XI Accessory (elevates shoulders, turns head) XII Hypoglossal (moves tongue)
where are the pyramids located and what type of function do they have
anterior medulla. motor function.
what cranial nerves are found in the pons
V Trigeminal (facial sensation, chewing, sensation from temporomandibular joint) VI Abducens (abducts pupil of the eye) VII Facial (facial expression, closes eyes, tears, salivation, and taste) VIII Vestibulocochlear (sensation of head position relative to gravity and head movement: hearing)
where is the pons located and what type of function does it have
anterior medulla. motor function.
how does the pons communicate with the cerebellum/why does it stick out
it contains cell bodies that carry your movement plan back to the cerebellum (what you plan to do)
what cranial nerves are found in the midbrain
III Oculomotor (moves pupil of the eye up, down, medially; raises upper eyelid; constricts pupil) IV Trochlear (moves pupil of the eye medially and down)
where are the cerebral peduncles located/what type of function
anterior midbrain. motor function.
where are the colliculi located/what type of function
posterior midbrain. sensory function
what is the function of the superior colliculi in the midbrain
aid vision
what is the function of the inferior colliculi in the midbrain
aid hearing
what is the cerebellum known as
organ of coordination
what is the function of the hemispheres of the cerebellum
controls the extremities
what is the function of the vermis of the cerebellum
controls the middle of the body
what are the cerebellar peduncles
collection of white matter that holds the cerebellum to the back of the brain stem
looking at the cerebrum, are the thalami more anterior or posterior than the basal ganglia
posterior (sensory function with a pathway from face to brain)
what are the basal ganglia
collection of cell bodies (gray matter) at the base of the brain that help you decide and plan motor movements
a ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain.
gyrus
a groove on the surface of the brain
sulcus
deep groove in the brain
fissure
what is the function of the frontal lobe
executive function (problem solving/planning) and motor
what is the function of the parietal lobe
somatosensory
what is the function of the temporal lobe
memory and auditory
what is the function of the occipital lobe
vision
what is the function of the limbic lobe
emotions and memory
what is the function of the central sulcus
separates the sensory and motor functions as well as the frontal from parietal lobes
what is the function of the lateral sulcus
separates the temporal from the frontal and parietal lobes
what is the function of the cingulate sulcus
separates the limbic lobe from everything else
what is the function of the parieto-occipital sulcus
separates the parietal and occipital lobes
what is the location of the pre central gyrus in relation to the central sulcus/what type of function
anterior. motor function (sends the final message of how to move to the rest of your body)
what is the location of the post central gyrus in relation to the central sulcus/what type of function
posterior. somatosensory function (begins process of making meaning out of signals it receives from the body)
what is the function of the corpus collosum
it connects the L and R hemispheres.
what two ways does the CSF system support and protect neurons
mechanically cushions and chemically buffers neurons
water-filled cavity inside the brain
ventricle
where is the connection of the (2) lateral ventricles
toward midline. They leak into the 3rd ventricle by way of the inter ventricular foramen
where is the third ventricle located, what does it cushion, and where does it leak into
behind nose at midline, base of the brain, leaks down toward cerebellum to the cerebral aqueduct, and finally to the 4th ventricle
where is the fourth ventricle
between the brainstem and cerebellum
what are the 4 ventricles (water balloons) inside the brain
(2) lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and 4th ventricle
What are the three meninges that make up the giant ventricle (water balloon) outside the brain
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
tough, fibrous, protective outer covering of the brain and spinal cord. Closely applied to bone.
dura mater
tough inner-dura that goes in-between the 2 hemispheres from front to back. Internally cushions left from right.
falx cerebri
tough inner-dura that goes in-between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum at the back of the brain to cushion it
tentorium cerebelli
Fluid-filled spaces where the inner dura has peeled away from the outer
dural sinuses
pokes up through the inner dura into the sinus
arachnoid villi
rough clusters found at the end of the villi
arachnoid granulations
underneath the arachnoid mater. Space full of web-like tissue projections that connect the arachnoid mater to the pia mater. It’s where CSF flows around the brain and around the spinal cord. Creates external ”water balloon” around brain and SC.
subarachnoid space
thin, soft layer of meninges that lays right on top of brain tissue.
pia mater
what is the internal fluid flow of the CSF
heart, choroid plexus, 1st and 2nd ventricle, interventricular foramina, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle, median and lateral apertures
Bundle of capillaries that are really thin and not tightly junctioned. Let fluid leak out but they keep all the formed elements (like blood cells) in. Aka leaky capillaries. Strains blood to create CSF
choroid plexus
below the 4th ventricle. Leak into subarachnoid space.
median and lateral aperatures
what is the external fluid flow of the CSF
subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, arachnoid granulations, dural sinuses, jugular veins, heart
normally mechanically cushions and chemically protects the CNS but can be a conduate for infection
meningeal system
arteries that follow spinal nerves away from spinal cord. Form part of blood supply that follows peripheral nerves.
segmental arteries
artery that comes up the midline of the spinal cord and covers front 2/3
anterior spinal artery
artery that covers posterior 1/3 of spinal cord
posterior spinal artery
vertebrobasilar blood supply flow
vertebral, posterior inferior cerebellar, basilar, anterior inferior cerebellar, superior cerebellar, posterior cerebral
what areas does the vertebrobasilar (posterior) blood supply cover
occipital lobe, brain stem, cerebellum, and part of the temporal lobe
more packed with cells than any other part of the brain
cerebellum
what 3 branches of the posterior blood supply branch to the cerebellum
posterior inferior cerebellar, anterior inferior cerebellar, and superior cerebellar arteries
what 3 branches of the vertebrobasilar (posterior) blood supply branch to the cerebellum
posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and superior cerebellar
provides blood to the pons
basilar artery
branch of the basilar artery that goes to the bottom, front of the cerebellum
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
branch of the basilar artery that provides blood to the superior cerebellum
superior cerebellar artery
top branch of the posterior blood supply where the basilar splits to the L and R hemisphere of the occipital lobe
posterior cerebral
top branch of the posterior blood supply where the basilar splits at the top of the pons. Supplies blood to the occipital lobe and bottom of temporal lobe
posterior cerebral artery
what lobes are involved with the anterior circulation
parietal, frontal, and most of temporal
how does the anterior blood supply get from the heart to the brain
internal carotid arteries
provides blood to the medial aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes
anterior cerebral artery
provides blood to the lateral aspect of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.
middle cerebral artery
network of blood vessels that connects blood supply to the brain the anterior to posterior and left to right side.
Circle of Willis
artery that connects the L side and R side of the anterior circulation
anterior communicating artery
artery that travels from the internal carotid back to the posterior cerebral. Connects front to back. Connects the anterior circulation of the internal carotid with the posterior circulation of the vertebrobasilar
posterior communicating artery
deep penetrating small arteries that feed both the basal ganglia and some of the thalamus. Give off a few branches into the ventricles to form the choroid plexus.
choroidal arteries
deep arteries that primarily supply the basal ganglia
striate arteries
sinus at the top of the longitudinal fissure at the midline of the 2 hemispheres
superior sagittal sinus
sinus at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure at the midline of the 2 hemispheres
inferior sagittal sinus
sinus that travels from midline at the back of the skull and wrap around back of head to the ear. After it has wrapped over to ear, the transverse sinus, they dump into 2 internal jugular veins (L and R).
transverse sinus
