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Neuroscience > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the unconscious relay tracts

A

1st order: from sensory receptors to dorsal horn

2nd order: from dorsal horn to ipsilateral cerebellum

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2
Q

sensory information goes to the cerebellum on the _____ side of the body

A

same (ipsilateral)

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3
Q

what are the 3 functions of sensation

A
  1. contribute to smooth, controlled movement
  2. protects from injury
  3. contributes to perception of the environment
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4
Q

2 problems patients can have with sensation

A
  1. sensory loss: nerves fail to transmit sensory messages

2. nerves transmit inappropriate messages

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5
Q

what are you testing when you test discriminative touch

A

A-beta

DC/ML pathway

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6
Q

what are you testing when you test conscious proprioception

A

Ia
Ib
II
DC/ML pathway

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7
Q

what are you testing when you test fast pain

A

A-delta

anterolateral column

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8
Q

what are you testing when you test discriminative temperature

A

A-delta

anterolateral column

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9
Q

what are you testing when you test “cortical” sensations

A

stereognosis

processing

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10
Q

what are the 3 components of a quick screening

A

vibration
conscious proprioception
fast pain

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11
Q

what is an important pathology that Femmes-Weinstein is used test

A

diabetic polyneuropathy

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12
Q

what are the components of a complete physical exam

A 
discriminative touch 
cortical sensations 
conscious proprioception
fast pain 
discriminative temperature
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13
Q

what is used to test tactile threshold

A

Femmes-Weinstein monofilament

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14
Q

what does the thinnest monofilament test

A

lowest threshold sensory receptors

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15
Q

what does two-point discrimination test

A

the brain’s ability to separate 2 receptive fields or cortical processing of sensation

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16
Q

what is the purpose of bilateral simultaneous touch

A

test brain’s ability to pay attention to bilateral inputs

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17
Q

things that contribute to pain

A

peripheral sensitization

referred pain

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18
Q

lowering the threshold for a peripheral pain neuron. Reducing the stimulus necessary to depolarize a nocicepter

A

peripheral sensitization

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19
Q

example of an injury that reduces the threshold for nocicepters

A

sunburn

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20
Q

Pain that comes from a visceral organ that is perceived in a somatic part of the body

A

referred pain

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21
Q

example of referred pain

A

heart attack (L arm aches)

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22
Q

Carry proprioceptive information from peripheral sensory receptors (touch, joint, muscle)

A

unconscious relay tracts

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23
Q

structures that process and regulate pain and are capable of creating pain perception in the absence of nociceptive input. The pain pathway from start to finish

A

the pain matrix

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24
Q

3 aspects of pain

A

sensory-discriminative aspect
motivational-affective aspect
cognitive-evaluative aspect

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25
Q

top down inhibition of pain signals or anything that inhibits the transmission of pain message

A

antinociception

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26
Q

anything that either lets the pain through or amplifies it. biological amplification of pain signals

A

pronociception

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27
Q

Where is level I of Pain Matrix

A

periphery

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28
Q

Where is level II of Pain Matrix

A

dorsal horn

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29
Q

Where is level III of Pain Matrix

A

brain stem

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30
Q

Where is level IV of Pain Matrix

A

hypothalamus and pituitary

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31
Q

2 ways to turn on level IV

A

aerobic exercise and modalities like TENS

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32
Q

Where is level V of Pain Matrix

A

cerebral cortex

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33
Q

How can you turn on level V

A

being supportive and caring therapist

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34
Q

causes of chronic pain

A

Continuing tissue damage
Environmental factors (operant conditioning)
Sensitization of nociceptive pathway neurons
Dysfunction of endogenous pain control system

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35
Q

cause of acute pain

A

Threat of or actual tissue damage

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36
Q

Pain that extends beyond the time expected for normal tissue healing

A

chronic pain

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37
Q

Continuing pain stimulus

Pain neurons functioning normally

A

nociceptive

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38
Q

No continuing pain stimulus

Pain neurons typically NOT functioning normally

A

neuropathic

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39
Q

2 categories of chronic pain

A

nociceptive and neuropathic

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40
Q

extra sensation that appears without identifiable stimulus that is typically described as not painful or uncomfortable

A

paresthesia

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41
Q

extra sensation that appears without identifiable stimulus that is typically described as unpleasant or painful

A

dysesthesia

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42
Q

a dysesthesia where pain/discomfort is perceived after a stimulus that shouldn’t cause pain

A

allodynia

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43
Q

a dysestehesia where a person perceives heightened pain from a stimulus that would normally produce mild pain

A

Secondary hyperalgesia

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44
Q

4 mechanisms of neuropathic pain

A
  1. Ectopic foci
  2. Ephaptic transmission
  3. Central sensitization
  4. Structural reorganization
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45
Q

places along the pain pathway where a pain signal can be started without depolarizing nociceptors

A

ectopic foci

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46
Q

2 parallel neurons (1 touch, 1 pain) get demyelinated and signals can short-circuit

A

ephaptic transmission

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47
Q

long term potentiation or strengthening the synapse of the pain pathway. “Learning in the pain pathway”

A

central sensitization

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48
Q

pain neuron sensitizes the synapse and withdraws from synapse since it is no longer signaling. Touch neuron synapse on pain neurons via collateral sprouting in the dorsal horn

A

structural reorganization

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49
Q

sensation that seems to originate from the missing limb.

A

phantom limb sensation

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50
Q

how to neurons that don’t get input try to adapt

A
  1. become hypersensitive (denervation hypersensitivity)

2. generate action potentials with very little or no stimuli

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51
Q

what are ways we can provide therapy for phantom limb pain

A

mental practice, movement therapy, and mirror therapy,

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52
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system regulate

A 
Circulation
Respiration
Digestion
Metabolism
Secretions
Body temperature
Reproduction
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53
Q

uses energy, efferent projections have a thoracolumbar outflow, fight or flight

A

sympathetic nervous system

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54
Q

stores energy, efferent projections have a craniosacral outflow. Rest and digest

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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55
Q

sympathetic effect on vessel wall in the skin

A

vasoconstriction of arterioles

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56
Q

purpose of vasoconstriction of arterioles

A

decrease radiation of heat from the skin

57
Q

sympathetic effect on vessel wall in skeletal muscle

A

vasoconstriction of veins and venues

58
Q

purpose of vasoconstriction of veins and venules

A

increase blood pressure and increase peripheral vasculature resistance

59
Q

sympathetic effect on vessel wall in the heart

A

dilation

60
Q

purpose of dilation in the heart vessel wall

A

increase blood available to heart

61
Q

receptors of the autonomic system

A

mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors
nocireceptors
thermoreceptors

62
Q

example of receptor in carotid sinus there are stretch receptors that stretches in response to changes in blood pressure. Signals brain about changes in BP

A

mechanoreceptor (stretch and pressure)

63
Q

receptors found around hypothalamus that sample CO2.

A

chemoreceptors (chemical environment)

64
Q

receptors that indicate stretch that could hurt or ischemia (lack of blood flow that could hurt you)

A

nociceptors

65
Q

receptors that sample temperature of blood and make adjustments if necessary

A

thermoreceptors

66
Q

information from visceral receptors enters the CNS by which 2 routes

A

into spinal cord via dorsal roots and into brainstem via cranial nerves

67
Q

which cranial nerves send signals from viscera of head, thorax, and upper abdomen . Bring in majority of afferent information from viscera system.

A

facial 7, glossopharyngeal 9, and vagus 10

68
Q

The lower abdomen and all of the receptors from out in the body get to the brain through the _____ and up the spinal cord

A

peripheral nerves

69
Q

4 afferent responses of a visceral organ

A
  • mobilizes the body-wide autonomic system (spinolimbic)
  • tells you grossly what’s hurting/referred pain (spinothalamic)
  • shuts off the visceral organ that’s sending the pain signal
  • mobilizes the somatic structures to guard it
70
Q

neurons of the sympathetic system inside the CNS

A

modulatory, control

71
Q

efferent neurons that ultimately control the shots in terms of efferent response to maintain homeostasis. Start at base of brain and extend down to brainstem.

A

modulatory neurons

72
Q

have cell body in brainstem and send axon down. Gather all modulatory input , boil it down into a plan, and initiate efferent response

A

control neurons

73
Q

neurons of the parasympathetic system inside the CNS

A

modulatory, control

74
Q

2 peripheral autonomic neurons that are efferent

A

pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic

75
Q

where is the cell bodies of pre-ganglionic neurons

A

inside the CNS

76
Q

what do post-ganglionic neurons make contact with

A

visceral organs

77
Q

what are the 3 neurotransmitters of the autonomic system

A

acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

78
Q

Neurotransmitter of neuromuscular junction AND of the parasympathetic connected to our viscera.

A

acetylcholine

79
Q

primarily the sympathetic neurotransmitter that’s released from the adrenal gland into the blood stream. Connects anywhere where there is a good receptor.

A

epinephrine

80
Q

sympathetic neurotransmitter of direct connections to viscera

A

norepinephrine

81
Q

where do the axons of control neurons come down the spinal cord

A

lateral column of spinal cord

82
Q

where are the cell bodies of pre-ganglionic peripheral efferent neurons

A

lateral horn of spinal cord

83
Q

what range of spinal levels are the cell bodies of pre-ganglionic peripheral efferent neurons found in SNS

A

T1-L2

84
Q

dumps epinephrine into blood. By doing so, mobilizes a body-wide sympathetic response through the blood supply. Tends to raise the metabolism of every cell it comes in contact with.

A

adrenal medulla

85
Q

which system regulates temperature

A

sympathetic

86
Q

what 2 ways does sympathetic system regulate temperature

A

sweating and shunting

87
Q

norepinephrine receptors in heart vessels tend to

A

dilate

88
Q

norepinephrine receptors in muscle arterioles tend to

A

constrict

89
Q

what does the sympathetic system do to control in the head

A

dilate pupil, elevate upper eyelid, and produces thick saliva

90
Q

what does the sympathetic system do to the heart

A

increases the rate and contractility of the heart

91
Q

what does the sympathetic system do to the lungs

A

dilates bronchial tree and airway

92
Q

what does the sympathetic system do to the GI tract

A

decreases blood flow
decreases peristalsis
decreases secretions
inhibits contraction bladder and bowel

93
Q

what does sympathetic system do to metabolism

A

increases

94
Q

what does parasympathetic system do to the heart

A

slow down

95
Q

what does parasympathetic system do to the bronchial tree

A

constriction of airways

96
Q

what does parasympathetic system do to the salivary glands

A

thin saliva

97
Q

what does parasympathetic system do to the eye

A

constricts pupil and increases curvature of lens

98
Q

what does parasympathetic system do to GI tract

A

increase secretions
increase peristalsis
glycogen synthesis
empties bladder/bowel

99
Q

what controls bowel/bladder

A

synergistic (para empty symp not empty)

100
Q

what controls HR

A

synergistic (rate)

101
Q

what controls blood vessels

A

unopposed SNS

102
Q

the only autonomic fibers in your peripheral nerves are

A

sympathetic

103
Q

what controls sweat glands

A

unopposed SNS

104
Q

what controls lens of eye

A

unopposed PNS

105
Q

what controls external genitalia

A

unopposed PNS

106
Q 
What causes: 
Drooping eyelid
Constriction of pupil
Flushing (vasodilation)
Absence of sweating
A

Horner’s syndrome (lack of SNS to one side of head)

107
Q

caused by damage to the stellate ganglion

A

Horner’s syndrome

108
Q

SNS doesn’t reduce capacitance
Venues don’t return their blood to the circulation
Factor of an insufficient SNS

A

postural hypotension

109
Q

Decrease of BP during the first 3 minutes of standing

A

orthostatic hypotension

110
Q

when testing orthostatic hypotension, it is considered abnormal if there is a drop of more than ___ mm HG systolic and more than ___ mm HG diastolic

A

30, 15

111
Q

balance control in reaction to destabilizing force

A

feedback balance control

112
Q

balance control in anticipation

A

feedforward balance control

113
Q

voluntarily or involuntarily contracting muscles on both sides of a joint or body segment

A

cocontraction

114
Q

causes the spindle to always be sensitive during active movements

A

alpha-gamma coactivation

115
Q

A lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

116
Q 
Motor units that are: 
Smaller diameter A-alpha
Oxidative metabolism
Lower tension
More fatigue-resistant
A

slow twitch

117
Q 
Motor units that are: 
Larger diameter A-alpha
Glycolytic metabolism
Higher tension
Less fatigue-resistant
A

fast twitch

118
Q

principle where brain starts with slow twitch and recruits fast twitch as necessary

A

Henneman’s size principle

119
Q

horizontal organization of LMN matches medial with ___ mm

A

proximal

120
Q

horizontal organization of LMN matches lateral with ___ mm

A

distal

121
Q

when the agonist muscle is facilitated, the antagonist muscle is inhibited or relaxed to allow movement around a joint

A

reciprocal inhibition

122
Q

Group of muscles that work together under good, voluntary control in any pattern desired for function

A

normal synergy

123
Q

a group of muscles that work together under limited voluntary control in a limited number of patterns that may or may not contribute to function

A

abnormal synergy

124
Q

without looking, we have an idea of how our body is arranged in space

A

proprioceptive body schema

125
Q

role of golgi tendon organs

A

uses the tension of muscles to refine voluntary movements

126
Q

a network of neurons that supports automatic walking

A

stepping pattern generators

127
Q

testing reflexes tells you

A

the integrity of the sensory and motor neuron loop

128
Q

Relationship between reflexive and voluntary movement

A

spinal region coordination

129
Q

Project from cortical and brainstem movement centers to lower motor neurons (LMN) of cranial and spinal nerves

A

UMN

130
Q

medial UMN origin that gives more direct voluntary control of movement.

A

cortical origin

131
Q

medial UMN origin that support voluntary movement (guided by medial and lateral cortical pathways). Smaller degree of voluntary control

A

subcortical origin

132
Q

lateral UMN origin that gives direct voluntary control. Influences and guides activity of supporting medial group pathways

A

cortical origin

133
Q

lateral UMN origin that supports and complements direct voluntary control

A

subcortical origin

134
Q

UMN tract that helps to pick stuff up against gravity (flexion)
Broad distribution upper and lower
Postural muscles
Gross limb movements
Lower degree of direct voluntary control

A

reticulospinal

135
Q

medial UMN tract that projects to neck and upper back postural muscles
Helps maintain upright against gravity (extension against gravity)
Lower degree of direct voluntary control

A

medial Vestibulospinal

136
Q

medial UMN tract that projects to axial and lower extremity extensors
Helps maintain upright against gravity
Lower degree of direct voluntary control

A

lateral vestibulospinal

137
Q

medial UMN tract that projects to medial motor neuron pools bilaterally
Voluntary control of neck, shoulder and trunk muscles
Higher degree of direct voluntary control

A

medial corticospinal

138
Q

lateral UMN tract that is Most important pathway for voluntary movement
“Fractionated” movement
Direct control of distal muscles
Guiding control of postural support muscles

A

lateral corticospinal

139
Q

lateral UMN tract
Small pathway
Minor control of distal extensor muscles of upper extremities

A

rubrospinal

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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