Exam 5 Flashcards
Meninges inner layer. Thin layer with vessels that nourish the brain & spinal cord
-attached to surface & follows contours
Pia mater
Meninges middle layer. A vascular weblike membrane
Arachnoid mater
This is below the arachnoid layer & contains cerebrospinal fluid
Subarachnoid space
Meninges outer layer. Dense irregular CT
Terminates at the 2nd sacral vertebrae
Dura mater
This is between rural sheath & bony walls of vertebrae where it contains loose CT & fat
Epidural space
This is below dura mater
Subdural space
Cavities within the brain; lined with ependymal cells; contains cerebrospinal fluid
Ventricles
Masses of capillaries from pia mater that project into ventricles & and secretes CSF
Choroid plexus
Finger like structures from subarachnoid space that project into blood filled dural sinuses
Arachnoid granulations
What are the 5 lobes of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal
Lateral sulcus
Separates cerebrum from cerebellum
Transverse fissure
Separates hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
Outer layer of gray matter in cerebral hemisphere
Cerebral cortex
In parietal gyri of frontal lobes
Primary motor cortex
Small area of frontal lobe usually of left hemisphere that controls speech ( muscle movement)
Broca’s area
Above bocas’s area, controls voluntary eye movement
Frontal eye field
Receives sensory stimuli & identifies body region being stimulated.
Primary somatosensory cortex
Lies posterior to primary & integrates sensory inputs to increase understanding
Somatosensory association cortex
Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres
Commissural tracts
Connect different parts of the same hemisphere
Association tracts
Connect cerebral hemispheres to lower brain or cord centers
Projection tracts
Most people have ____ ________ dominant for language & reasoning
Left hemisphere
Pairs of irregular masses of gray matter within the white matter of the cerebrum
- help regulate motor activity, reducing unwanted movement
Basal nuclei
Involved in emotional expressions, moods, control of behavior
Amygdala
The diencephalon is composed Mosley of ____ ______
Gray matter
Connects paired oval gray matter masses to the 3rd ventricle
Interthalamic adhesion
Stalk of hypothalamus that connects to pituitary gland
Infundibulum
The thalamus is the ______ to the cerebral cortex
Gateway
Extends from the posterior border & secrets melatonin
Pineal gland
The hypothalamus is the heart of the ____ system
Limbic
Midbrain contains the inferior & superior _____ which represents the ____ & ______ reflex centers respectively.
Colliculi
Visual; auditory
Mostly conduction tracts connecting higher brain to spinal cord
Pons
Controls autonomic functions
Medulla oblongata
Where most fibers cross over to opposite side
Decussation of the pyramids
What does the cerebellum provide?
Timing & patterns to skeletal muscles for coordinated movement
Connects 2 cerebellar hemispheres
Vermis
Small ridges in the cerebellum
Folia
White pattern resembles tree branches in the cerebellum
Arbor vitae
3 paired fibers tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
Cerebellar peduncles
Connects the cerebellum to the midbrain
Superior peduncles
Connect the pons to the cerebellum
Middle peduncle
Connects the medulla to the cerebellum
Inferior peduncles
The lambic system is the ____ brain and incorporates starters surrounding the ____
Emotional ; diencephalon
The ___ keeps us alert with a constant stream of impulses
Reticular activating system (RAS)
Tapering cone-shaped end
Conus medullares
Arises from end- an extension of pia mater that anchors cord to coccyx
Filum terminale
Filum terminale & lower spinal nerves
Cauda equine (horsetail)
Cell bodies of inter neurons & axons of sensory neurons
Posterior horns
Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons going to skeletal muscles
Anterior horns
(T1-L2) are cell bodies of automatic motor neurons going to cardiac & smooth muscle & glands
Lateral horns
Central bar of the H, connects the 2 sides (wings) surrounds the central canal
Gray commissure
What is a nerve tract?
Each funicular has bundles of longitudinal myelinated nerve fibers (axon) that make up nerve tracts
Impulse go toward brain
Ascending (sensory) tracts
Impulse down cord away from brain
Descending (motor) tracts
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
What are the kinds of spinal nerves?
Cervical (8) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral ( 5) coccygeal (1)
How are nerves named and numbered?
According to region and level of spins, cord from which they emerge
What type of axons attach at the posterior (dorsal) root of the spinal cord?
Sensory axons
What type of axons attach at the anterior (ventral) root of the spinal cord?
Motor axons
What is a plexus?
Network of nerves of the anterior & motor neurons
Simplest reflex between sensory & motor neurons
Monosynaptic reflex
Involves more than one synapses & 2 types of neurons
Polysnaptic reflex
Interneurons in reflex center of spinal cord pass impulse to opposite side to produce opposite effect (contra lateral)
Crossed extensor reflex
What is the main difference between somatic and automatic nervous system?
Somatic is conscious control and auto is not
Where does somatic motor neurons send its impulses to?
Striated muscle fibers
Where does a autonomic motor neuron send its impulses to?
A muscle, gland, or other effector tissue
Maintains homeostasis at rest “resting & digesting”
Parasympathetic division
Prepares bodies for emergencies “fight or flight”
Sympathetic division
If the sympathetic trunk is a overall necklace, the string is ____ and the pearls are ____ containing _____.
Bundles of axons
Sympathetic trunk ganglia
Ganglionic nerve cell bodies
Carry nerve fibers to the sympathetic trunk
White rami
Return to the spinal cord, which is followed until it reaches its target organ
Gray rami
Choline rigid receptors release the neurotransmitter_______?
Acetylcholine (ach)
Where are cholinergic neurons found?
Skin, sweat, glands, & blood vessels in skeletal muscle
Adrenergic receptors release the neurotransmitter ____?
Norepinephrine (NE)
The command center for the autonomic nervous system is the ____?
Hypothalamus
What are the 4 main regions of the brain?
- cerebrum (largest section)
- brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla, oblongata)
- diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
- cerebellum