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a&p 1 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Meninges inner layer. Thin layer with vessels that nourish the brain & spinal cord
-attached to surface & follows contours

A

Pia mater

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2
Q

Meninges middle layer. A vascular weblike membrane

A

Arachnoid mater

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3
Q

This is below the arachnoid layer & contains cerebrospinal fluid

A

Subarachnoid space

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4
Q

Meninges outer layer. Dense irregular CT

Terminates at the 2nd sacral vertebrae

A

Dura mater

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5
Q

This is between rural sheath & bony walls of vertebrae where it contains loose CT & fat

A

Epidural space

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6
Q

This is below dura mater

A

Subdural space

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7
Q

Cavities within the brain; lined with ependymal cells; contains cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ventricles

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8
Q

Masses of capillaries from pia mater that project into ventricles & and secretes CSF

A

Choroid plexus

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9
Q

Finger like structures from subarachnoid space that project into blood filled dural sinuses

A

Arachnoid granulations

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10
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

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11
Q

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

A

Central sulcus

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12
Q

Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal

A

Lateral sulcus

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13
Q

Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

A

Transverse fissure

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14
Q

Separates hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

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15
Q

Outer layer of gray matter in cerebral hemisphere

A

Cerebral cortex

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16
Q

In parietal gyri of frontal lobes

A

Primary motor cortex

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17
Q

Small area of frontal lobe usually of left hemisphere that controls speech ( muscle movement)

A

Broca’s area

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18
Q

Above bocas’s area, controls voluntary eye movement

A

Frontal eye field

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19
Q

Receives sensory stimuli & identifies body region being stimulated.

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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20
Q

Lies posterior to primary & integrates sensory inputs to increase understanding

A

Somatosensory association cortex

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21
Q

Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres

A

Commissural tracts

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22
Q

Connect different parts of the same hemisphere

A

Association tracts

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23
Q

Connect cerebral hemispheres to lower brain or cord centers

A

Projection tracts

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24
Q

Most people have ____ ________ dominant for language & reasoning

A

Left hemisphere

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25
Q

Pairs of irregular masses of gray matter within the white matter of the cerebrum
- help regulate motor activity, reducing unwanted movement

A

Basal nuclei

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26
Q

Involved in emotional expressions, moods, control of behavior

A

Amygdala

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27
Q

The diencephalon is composed Mosley of ____ ______

A

Gray matter

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28
Q

Connects paired oval gray matter masses to the 3rd ventricle

A

Interthalamic adhesion

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29
Q

Stalk of hypothalamus that connects to pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

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30
Q

The thalamus is the ______ to the cerebral cortex

A

Gateway

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31
Q

Extends from the posterior border & secrets melatonin

A

Pineal gland

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32
Q

The hypothalamus is the heart of the ____ system

33
Q

Midbrain contains the inferior & superior _____ which represents the ____ & ______ reflex centers respectively.

A

Colliculi

Visual; auditory

34
Q

Mostly conduction tracts connecting higher brain to spinal cord

35
Q

Controls autonomic functions

A

Medulla oblongata

36
Q

Where most fibers cross over to opposite side

A

Decussation of the pyramids

37
Q

What does the cerebellum provide?

A

Timing & patterns to skeletal muscles for coordinated movement

38
Q

Connects 2 cerebellar hemispheres

39
Q

Small ridges in the cerebellum

40
Q

White pattern resembles tree branches in the cerebellum

A

Arbor vitae

41
Q

3 paired fibers tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem

A

Cerebellar peduncles

42
Q

Connects the cerebellum to the midbrain

A

Superior peduncles

43
Q

Connect the pons to the cerebellum

A

Middle peduncle

44
Q

Connects the medulla to the cerebellum

A

Inferior peduncles

45
Q

The lambic system is the ____ brain and incorporates starters surrounding the ____

A

Emotional ; diencephalon

46
Q

The ___ keeps us alert with a constant stream of impulses

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

47
Q

Tapering cone-shaped end

A

Conus medullares

48
Q

Arises from end- an extension of pia mater that anchors cord to coccyx

A

Filum terminale

49
Q

Filum terminale & lower spinal nerves

A

Cauda equine (horsetail)

50
Q

Cell bodies of inter neurons & axons of sensory neurons

A

Posterior horns

51
Q

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons going to skeletal muscles

A

Anterior horns

52
Q

(T1-L2) are cell bodies of automatic motor neurons going to cardiac & smooth muscle & glands

A

Lateral horns

53
Q

Central bar of the H, connects the 2 sides (wings) surrounds the central canal

A

Gray commissure

54
Q

What is a nerve tract?

A

Each funicular has bundles of longitudinal myelinated nerve fibers (axon) that make up nerve tracts

55
Q

Impulse go toward brain

A

Ascending (sensory) tracts

56
Q

Impulse down cord away from brain

A

Descending (motor) tracts

57
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

58
Q

What are the kinds of spinal nerves?

A

Cervical (8) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral ( 5) coccygeal (1)

59
Q

How are nerves named and numbered?

A

According to region and level of spins, cord from which they emerge

60
Q

What type of axons attach at the posterior (dorsal) root of the spinal cord?

A

Sensory axons

61
Q

What type of axons attach at the anterior (ventral) root of the spinal cord?

A

Motor axons

62
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Network of nerves of the anterior & motor neurons

63
Q

Simplest reflex between sensory & motor neurons

A

Monosynaptic reflex

64
Q

Involves more than one synapses & 2 types of neurons

A

Polysnaptic reflex

65
Q

Interneurons in reflex center of spinal cord pass impulse to opposite side to produce opposite effect (contra lateral)

A

Crossed extensor reflex

66
Q

What is the main difference between somatic and automatic nervous system?

A

Somatic is conscious control and auto is not

67
Q

Where does somatic motor neurons send its impulses to?

A

Striated muscle fibers

68
Q

Where does a autonomic motor neuron send its impulses to?

A

A muscle, gland, or other effector tissue

69
Q

Maintains homeostasis at rest “resting & digesting”

A

Parasympathetic division

70
Q

Prepares bodies for emergencies “fight or flight”

A

Sympathetic division

71
Q

If the sympathetic trunk is a overall necklace, the string is ____ and the pearls are ____ containing _____.

A

Bundles of axons

Sympathetic trunk ganglia
Ganglionic nerve cell bodies

72
Q

Carry nerve fibers to the sympathetic trunk

A

White rami

73
Q

Return to the spinal cord, which is followed until it reaches its target organ

74
Q

Choline rigid receptors release the neurotransmitter_______?

A

Acetylcholine (ach)

75
Q

Where are cholinergic neurons found?

A

Skin, sweat, glands, & blood vessels in skeletal muscle

76
Q

Adrenergic receptors release the neurotransmitter ____?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

77
Q

The command center for the autonomic nervous system is the ____?

A

Hypothalamus

78
Q

What are the 4 main regions of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum (largest section)
  • brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla, oblongata)
  • diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)
  • cerebellum

a&p 1 (3 decks)

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