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a&p 1 > Ch 10-12 > Flashcards

Ch 10-12 Flashcards

0
Q

Ability to shorten, thicken

A

Contractility

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1
Q

(Irritability) the ability of muscles and nerves to respond to a stimulus

A

Excitability

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2
Q

Ability to lengthen and thin out

A

Extensibility

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3
Q

Fine sheath of connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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4
Q

Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles

A

Perimysium

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5
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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6
Q

Broad, flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone, another muscle, Or skin

A

Aponeuroses

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7
Q

Muscle cell membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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8
Q

Cytoplasm of muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

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9
Q

Specialized smooth E.R.; tubes fuse to form clternae in each segment.

  • in a relaxed muscle, S.R. Stores Ca++(active transport pumps)
  • when stimulated, Ca++ leaves through Ca++ release channels (voltage gated)
A

Sacroplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Chemical that communicated across synaptic cleft

A

Neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Tension increases, but muscle does not

- shorten/lengthen (ex: holding a book; maintaining posture)

A

Isometric

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12
Q

Tension remains constant

A

Isotonic

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13
Q

Red pigment that stores oxygen

A

Myoglobin

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14
Q

2 strands twisted into a helix

-each ~~~~~ molecule has a myosin binding site

A

Actin

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15
Q

Binding site on actin molecule

A

Myosin

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16
Q

A smaller molecule bound to tropomyosin

-has calcium binding sites

A

Troponin

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17
Q

Motor neuron & all fibers it connects to -

All connected fibers contract / a nerve fiber & all the muscle cells that t controls

A

Motor unit

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18
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated & involuntary discs

  • branching, Y-shaped cells
  • many mitochondria, large transverse tubules
  • intercalated discs- thick area b/w cells w/ gap junctions (allows network to contract as a unit)
  • stimulation from autotorhytmic cells
  • larger refractory period
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19
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • located in walls of blood vessels, digestive organs, bronchioles, ureters, & uterus
  • spindle shaped cells
  • nonstriated; involuntary
  • influenced by neurotransmitters & hormones
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20
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Body movement, posture, protection/support

-each muscle made of hundred/thousands of cells or muscle fibers

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21
Q

Acetylcholine is _____ _____ by acetylcholinesterase

A

Broken down

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22
Q

Insufficient oxygen, glycogen depletion, lactic acid buildup

A

3 things that lead to muscle fatigue

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23
Q

Regular exercise can lead to do what 2 changes that can help reduce muscle fatigue?

A

Regular exercise stimulates; new capillary growth & increase in mitochondria

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24
Q

What processes supply muscle cells with energy?

A

ATP; Phosphogen system; cellular respiration

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25
Q

When not enough oxygen is available _____ ____ fermentation takes place

A

Lactic acid fermentation

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26
Q

What causes the oxygen debt that develops during exercise?

A 
(Extra oxygen taken in after exercise) 
–Lactic acid → glucose (liver)
–Replace creatine phosphate
–Replace ATP
–Replace oxygen in myoglobin
–Replace glycogen
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27
Q

Is the least moveable attachment

A

Origin

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28
Q

Is the more moveable attachment

A

Insertion

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29
Q

Provides the main force for a specific movement

A

Agonist

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30
Q

Muscles that oppose or reverse a motion

A

Antagonist

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31
Q

Aids agonist by promoting movement or stabilizing

A

Synergist

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32
Q

Muscle names are influenced by;

A

Location; shape; size; direction of fibers; # of origins; location of origin or insertion; muscle action

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33
Q

Deltoid = ?

A

Triangle

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34
Q

Longus = ?

A

Long

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35
Q

Brevis = ?

A

Short

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36
Q

Rectus = ?

A

Straight, parallel to midline

37
Q

Maximus = ?

A

Large

38
Q

Minimus = ?

A

Small

39
Q

Brain & spinal cord

A

Central nervous system ( CNS)

40
Q

Cranial nerves (from brain) & spinal nerves (from spinal cord)

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

41
Q

Nerves are in ___?

A

PNS

42
Q

Tracts are in ___?

A

CNS

43
Q

Membrane becomes more negative bc ___ ?

A

It’s hyperpolarized

44
Q

Membrane becomes less negative because __?

A

It depolarizes

45
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Sends signals

46
Q

Post synaptic neuron

A

Receives signals

47
Q

Voluntary control; CNS to skeletal muscle

A

Somatic division

48
Q

Involuntary control; cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

A

Autonomic motor division

49
Q

Perikaryon

A

Cell body

50
Q

Cytoplasm of neuron

A

Neuropharmacologist

51
Q

(Chromatophillic substance) rough ER sections that make proteins

A

Nissl bodies

52
Q

Dendrites

A

Usually short, many processes that conduct impulses toward cell body (afferent process)

53
Q

Axon

A

-Long process that carries impulses away from cell body

54
Q

In a axon

-side branches

A

Collaterals

55
Q

Ends in axon terminals (part of axon)

A

Teleodendra

56
Q

Supplies the myelin sheathes to the axons in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

57
Q

Outer layer of Schwann cells contains cytoplasm

A

Neurilemma

58
Q

Gaps between Schwann cells

A

Nodes of ranvier

59
Q

Occurs along myelinated axons- myelin acts as electrical insulator

A

Saltatory conduction

60
Q

Dense irregular CT around nerve

A

Epineurium

61
Q

Dense irregular CT around fascicles of axons

A

Perineueium

62
Q

Areolar CT around each axon

A

Endoneurium

63
Q

Outer spinal cord, inner brain
Nerves of PNS, tracts in CNS
Myelinated process

A

White matter

64
Q

Unmyelinated process
Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, neuralgia, axons without myelin sheath
Inner spinal cord, outer brain

A

Gray matter

65
Q

Only axons into the _____ can regenerate

A

PNS

66
Q

One process that splits with peripheral part (dendrite) & central part (axon)
In sense organs & hang,is outside CNS

A

Unipolar

67
Q

1 dendrite & 1 axon

In retina, inner ear, small receptors

A

Bipolar

68
Q

1 axon & many dendrites
In brain & spinal cord
Most common type of neuron

A

Multipolar

69
Q

Transmit impulses from sensory receptors towards CNS (afferent)
Most unipolar, some bipolar

A

Sensory

70
Q

Link other neurons

Most multipolar

A

Interneurons

71
Q

Transmit impulses from CNS to effectors

All are multipolar

A

Motor

72
Q

Long process that carries impulses away from cell body

A

Efferent

73
Q

Short, many process that conduct impulses toward cell body

A

Afferent

74
Q

Star shaped cells with many oricesses and functions

Blood brain barrier, control composition of tissue, fluid, structural network. Assist neuron dev.

A

Astrocytes

75
Q

Ciliates epithelial cells; work with Capillaries to form choroid plexus & produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

76
Q

Small cells with s,ended branches; remove debris from damaged tissue

A

Microglia

77
Q

Processes wrap around axons to form myelin sheath; most common glial cell of the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

78
Q

Supply the myelin

Sheathes to the axons in the PNS- aids in the regrowth of damaged peripheral axons

A

Schwann cells

79
Q

Flattened cells found around the cell bodies of,neurons in ganglia
- regulate exchange of substance between neurons &’environment

A

Satellite cells

80
Q

Buildup of negative ions inside membrane & positive ions outside membrane ; making it polarized

Resting membrane potential is around - 70mV

A

Resting potential

81
Q

Action potential

Initial part of axon serves as trigger zone because has many voltage gates Na+ channels

A

Depolarization

82
Q

Action potential

Depolarization arrives & K+ channels & K+ flows out - membrane repolarizes as inside of membrane becomes negative again - K+ gates close

A

Repolarization

83
Q

an action potential cannot be started, even with a strong stimulus (Na+ gates activate)

A

Absolute refractory period

84
Q

High intensity threshold stimulus might cause an action potential (K+ gates open)

A

Relative refractory period

85
Q

Lost the four classes of a neurotransmitter

A

Ach; monoamines; amino acids; neuropeptides chains

86
Q

What happens to a neurotransmitter left over after an impulse?

A

Degradation- broken down by an enzyme

Reuptalce- reabsorbs by axon

87
Q

Axons originating from different parts of the NS lead to same neuron, making it possible for s neuron to sum impulses (summation)

A

Convergence

88
Q

One impulse leaving a neuron goes to several neurons. May amplify impulse, allowing ,any muscle cells to contract or allowing sensors info to reach severs, areas of CNS

A

Divergence

89
Q

What is an effector and name 2 types

A

Muscles & glands

a&p 1 (3 decks)

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