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A&P of Speech and Hearing > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the thorax?

A
  • Superior boundary: 1st rib and clavicle
  • Inferior boundary: 12th rib
  • Lateral and anterior aspects: ribs and sternum
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2
Q

The thorax is suspended from what?

A

The vertebral column

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3
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal = 33 vertebrae

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4
Q

What is C1?

A

Atlas

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5
Q

What is C2?

A

Axis

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6
Q

What are the parts of the vertebrae?

A
  • Spinous process
  • Corpus
  • Transverse process
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Superior and inferior articular facets (attachment points for muscles)
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7
Q

What are some unique characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • T1-T12 are the base of the respiratory framework and posterior point of attachment for the ribs
  • Have larger spinous and transverse processes
  • Superior and inferior costal facets: the points of attachment for the ribs
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8
Q

What are some unique characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • Are much larger than the cervical and thoracic vertebrae
  • They provide direct/indirect attachment for back and abdominal muscles and posterior fibers of the diaphragm
  • Spinous and transverse processes are smaller, while the corpus is much larger
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9
Q

What forms the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, and ischium

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10
Q

What forms the shoulder/pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula and clavicle

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11
Q

Why is it important to protect the girdles?

A

The girdles allow the lower and upper extremities to attach to the vertebral column, and they have a lot of muscles that aid in respiration, allowing you to maintain full function

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12
Q

What bone is a significant structure in respiration?

A

The sternum

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13
Q

What are the different kind of ribs and their attachment points?

A
  • True ribs 1-7: have direct attachment to the sternum
  • False ribs 8-10: attach to the sternum via cartilage
  • Floating ribs 11-12: have no anterior attachment
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14
Q

What are the parts of the sternum?

A
  • Sternal notch/jugular notch
  • Manubrium sterni: attachment for the clavicle and first rib
  • Manubrosternal angle: attachment for rib 2
  • Corpus: attachment for ribs 3-10
  • Xiphoid process
  • Clavicular notch
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15
Q

When oxygen needs increase, the smooth muscles of the trachea:

A

Relax

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16
Q

What assists in cleaning the trachea?

A

Submucosal glands

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17
Q

When is the eustachian tube open?

A

It is always closed except when vomiting, swallowing, or yawning

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18
Q

What is the left main-stem bronchi’s degree angle relative to the trachea?

A

45-55 degree angle

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19
Q

What is the right main-stem bronchi’s degree angle relative to the trachea?

A

20-30 degree angle

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20
Q

How may lobes does the right lung have?

A

3

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21
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2

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22
Q

How many generations of the brochial tree does the right lung have?

A

28 generations

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23
Q

How many generations of the brochial tree does the left lung have?

A

14 generations

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24
Q

What are the levels of the bronchial tree?

A
  • Primary: mainstem bronchi bifurcate from trachea
  • Secondary: brochi serves lobes of the lungs
  • Tertiary: serves the segments of each lobe, and divide repeatedly
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25
Q

How many alveoli are there in mature lungs?

A

300 million alveoli

26
Q

Respiration is also known as:

A

Gas exchange

27
Q

Inhalation vs. exhalation elements

A

Inhalation = oxygen fills the alveoli
- Oxygen moves through the membrane and oxygenates the red blood cells
- Carbon dioxide leaves the blood cells and moves into the alveoli
Exhalation = carbon dioxide moves out

28
Q

What do pulmonary artery branches do?

A

Pulmonary artery branches serve the gas exchange process at the alveolar level

29
Q

What are the protectants?

A
  • Nostril hairs are the first line of defense, catching most particulate matter greater than 10 microns
  • Moist mucous membrane of the upper respiratory system
  • Goblet cells within the mucosal lining secrete a lubricant into the respiratory tract to trap pollutants
  • The whole respiratory passageway is lined with epithelium covered by cilia that beat more than 1000 times per minute (this drives the pollutants upward and posteriorly)
  • Beating epithelia move material up to the vocal folds, which stimulates secretion at the vocal folds and we clear our throats, usually eradicating particles within the 2-10 micron range
  • Lymphatic system provides a final cleaning stage - pollutants that are not moved by the beating epithelia are suspended to mucus and migrate to bronchioles through coughing, where they can be eliminated by the lymphatic system
  • Respiratory passageway protects lungs by warming and humidifying the air as it enters the lungs
30
Q

What movement enlarges the vertical dimension?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm

31
Q

What movement enlarges the transverse dimension?

A

Elevating the ribcage

32
Q

Characteristics of pleural membranes

A
  • Composed of elastic and fibrous tissue
  • Airtight seal
  • Cuboidal cells within the lining produce a mucous solution, which creates an easy, low friction gliding of the lungs within the thorax
  • Negative pressure is maintained within the thorax because there is no contact with the outside atmosphere
  • Due to the movement of the pleural lining, the lungs are able to follow the action of the muscles without actually being attached to them
  • Because the surfaces of the two linings are infused with a serous secretion, there is low friction, making respiration more efficient
33
Q

When the diaphragm contracts…

A

Air flows in, there’s increased volume and negative pressure

34
Q

When the diaphragm stops contracting…

A

Air flows out of the lungs, there’s decreased volume and positive pressure

35
Q

Alveolar pressure

A
  • Pressure that is present within the individual alveolus
  • Inhalation: air flows into the alveoli and the volume increases… when volume increases, pressure decreases (negative alveolar pressure)
  • Exhalation: air flows out of the alveoli and the volume decreases… when volume decreases, pressure increases (positive alveolar pressure)
36
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A
  • Always negative throughout respiration (because:)
  • Lungs are in a state of continual expansion because the thorax is larger than the lungs
    The lungs are never completely deflated because of the residual volume
  • Lungs, inner thorax, and diaphragm are wrapped in this continuous sheet of plural lining
  • Keep the lungs from collapsing
37
Q

Connection between alveolar and intrapleural pressure

A

Diaphragm contracts
- Air flows in
- Alveolar pressure drops
- Intrapleural pressure becomes more negative as the diaphragm pulls the diaphragmatic pleura

Diaphragm relaxes
- Air flows out
- Alveolar pressure increases
- Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative

38
Q

Subglottal pressure

A
  • The pressure measured beneath the level of the vocal folds
  • Directly related to what is happening in the lungs as long as the vocal folds are open
  • Air flows into the lungs (negative pressure)
  • Air flows out of the lungs (positive pressure)

What happens when the vocal folds are closed?
- Blocks the air flow
- Immediate increase in the subglottal air pressure
- When the pressure exceeds 3-5cm H2O, the vocal folds will be blown open and voicing will begin

39
Q

Intraoral pressure

A
  • Respiratory pressure measured above the vocal folds within the oral cavity
  • When vocal folds are open, intraoral, subglottal, and alveolar pressure are the same
  • Closing the vocal folds causes the intraoral pressure to drop as the subglottal pressure increases
40
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Treated as a constant “0” against which to compare respiratory pressures

41
Q

What are the four stages for gas exchange?

A
  • Ventilation: air comes into the respiratory pathway
  • Distribution: air is distributed to the 300 million alveoli
  • Perfusion: oxygen poor blood migrates through to the 6 billion capillaries
  • Diffusion: actual gas exchange across the alveolar capillary membrane
42
Q

Turbulence as it relates to respiration

A
  • Lungs expand
  • Air courses through the bronchi
  • Some slight turbulence at the bifurcation of the bronchi but the air generally flows unimpeded
  • A small irregularity such as mucus or muscle spasm can greatly increase resistance to airflow
43
Q

Alveoli at birth vs 8 years old

A

25 million increased to more than 300 million

44
Q

Breathing cycle amounts per age

A
  • Adults breath cycles 12-18 per minute
  • Newborns average 40-70 cycles per minute
  • 5 year old: 25 cycles per minute
45
Q

What is respiratory flow?

A

The rate of airflow in/out

46
Q

What is quiet respiration?

A

Also known as tidal inspiration, it is normal breathing without any extra inspiration or expiration
- 12-28 cycles of respiration per minute
- One cycle is ½ liter of air
- We process approximately 6-8 liters of air every minute

47
Q

What does volume do?

A

It estimates the amount of air each compartment can hold

48
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air we breathe in during a respiratory cycle

Quiet tidal volume has an average
- Adult males: 600 cc
- Adult females: 450 cc
- Fill up three 2-liter bottles in one minute

49
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A
  • Volume that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
  • Average volume: 2.475 liters
50
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A
  • Volume that can be expired following passive tidal expiration
  • Average volume: 1.0 liters
  • Also referred to as resting lung volume: volume present in the resting lungs after a passive exhalation
51
Q

Residual volume

A
  • The volume remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation
  • No matter how forcefully you exhale, there is a volume of air that cannot be eliminated: approximately 1.1 liters worth
  • Does not exist in the newborn
52
Q

Dead air

A
  • Air in conducting passageways
  • Air that cannot undergo gas exchange
  • An adult has approximately 1/10 of a liter
  • Associated with residual volume (RV) because it is air that cannot be expelled
53
Q

What is a capacity?

A

A combination of volumes that express a physiological limit

54
Q

Vital capacity

A
  • Capacity available for speech
  • Combination of the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and tidal volume (TV)
  • Represents the total volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal expiration
  • Approximately 4 liters for the average adult
55
Q

Functional residual capacity

A
  • Volume of air remaining in the body after a passive exhalation
  • Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
  • Approximately 2.1 liters
56
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A
  • Maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
  • Capacity of the lungs for inspiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume)
  • Approximately 3 liters for adults
57
Q

Total lung capacity

A
  • Sum of all the volumes
  • Totals approximately 5.1 liters
  • Different from the vital capacity because it includes residual volume (RV), which serves as a buffer in respiration in providing constant oxygenation when needed
58
Q

Effects of age on vital capacity

A
  • Vital capacity decreases by about 0.1 liter per year in adulthood
  • Vital capacity steadily increases with body growth up to about age 20, holds steady through about 25, and then begins a steady decline
  • Females have a smaller vital capacity throughout the lifespan
59
Q

Effects of age on residual capacity

A
  • Residual capacity increases with age
  • Individuals retain their functional total lung capacity (that doesn’t decrease), however, they have a reduction in function
  • As we age, compliance of the lungs decrease which results in reduced ability to inflate the lungs
  • Lung volume is constant but there is growth in the volume that is unavailable for direct gas exchange… residual volume = dead space air
60
Q

What muscle is involved in quiet inspiration?

A

The diaphragm

61
Q

What muscles are involved in forced inspiration?

A

A&P of Speech and Hearing (5 decks)

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