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A&P of Speech and Hearing > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the auditory nerve pathway

A

Auditory nerve, cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, Heschl’s gyrus (in the auditory cortex)

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2
Q

Function of the superior olivary complex

A

Localizes sound in space, and plays a role in the acoustic reflex

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3
Q

Function of the lateral lemniscus

A

Helps with timing of sounds and recognition of tones

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4
Q

Function of the inferior colliculus

A

Integrates signals and sounds, filters sounds, recognizes frequency, discriminates pitch

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5
Q

Function of the medial geniculate body

A

Lateralization and localization of sound

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6
Q

Function of Heschl’s gyrus

A

Integrates and processes all information as it relates to speech, voice, frequency, intensity, and language

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7
Q

What are the building blocks of the brain?

A

Glial cells

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8
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Glial cells that provide structural support to nerves and synapses

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9
Q

Function of myelin

A

Provides protection and makes neural connections move faster along the axon

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10
Q

Where nerve cells meet to transmit information

A

Synapse

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11
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Respond directly to stimulation or receive input from sensory cells

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12
Q

Motor neurons

A

Connect to muscle or glands

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13
Q

Inter neurons

A

Connect neurons to each other

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14
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Pyramid-shaped cells involved in motor function

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15
Q

Non-pyramidal cells

A

Star-shaped cells involved in sensory function

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16
Q

Projection fibers

A

Connect the cortex with distant locations

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17
Q

Association fibers

A

Communicate between regions of the same hemisphere

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18
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connect the right and left hemispheres

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19
Q

The activity of neurons leads to…?

A

Sensation, perception, discrimination, emotion, behavior, actions of muscles, organs, and glands

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20
Q

Excitation

A

Stimulation that causes an increase in activity of the tissue stimulated

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21
Q

Inhibition

A

Stimulation that reduces a neuron’s output

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22
Q

An electrical event

A

Action potential

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A substance that causes either the excitation or inhibition of another neuron of muscle fiber

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24
Q

Function of acetylcholine

A

Excitation of the neuromuscular junction

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25
Function of dopamine
Feelings of pleasure and reward
26
Function of norephinephrine
Regulates arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions
27
Function of serotonin
Regulates mood, sleep, and digestion
28
Function of endorphins
Relieve pain
29
How many substances are considered to be neurotransmitters?
Approximately 40-50
30
Afferent pathway
Sensory information to the brain
31
Efferent pathway
Motor information away from the brain
32
Function of the diencephalon
Supports attention to stimulation and responses to danger
33
MRI
Has strong magnets, is useful for soft tissue, and does not use radiation
34
fMRI
Measures blood flow to tissue, implies the function of tissue
35
CT
Uses a low dose of irradiation to create 3-dimensional images, useful for imaging problems with the cerebrovascular supply
36
EEG
Measures brainwave activity
37
What happens in MS?
The immune system attacks the myelin of the brain
38
What happens to the myelin in MS?
It is damaged or destroyed and replaced with a scar-like plaque which greatly inhibits neural conduction
39
What are the early signs of MS?
Vestibular or balance dysfunction, inflammation of the optic nerve, foot drop
40
What are the three protective features of the brain?
1. Skull 2. Meninges 3. CSF
41
Dura mater
Closest to the skull bone, a tough two-layered lining
42
Arachnoid mater
Lacey and spider-like, through which many blood vessels flow
43
Pia mater
Thin membranous covering that closely follows the contour of the brain, allows the passage of blood vessels into the brain
44
What circulates in the subarachnoid space?
CSF
45
How many nerve cells and glial cells does the brain have?
85-100 billion of each
46
What percentage of body mass is the brain?
2%, but gets 25% of the oxygen and 20% of cardiac output
47
If the brain loses blood for:
10 seconds: lose consciousness 20 seconds: electrical activity stops 2-3 minutes: permanent brain damage
48
Sulci
Valleys of the brain
49
Gyri
Ridges of the brain
50
Ventricles
Fluid-filled cavities (CSF) that contain a choroid plexus which produces CSF
51
When nerve and muscle communicate
Muscle twitch
52
Motor unit
Motor neuron, axon, and the muscle fibers it innervates
53
Muscle spindle
Provides feedback to the neuromotor system about muscle position, motion, and length
54
Type I fibers
Slow-twitch, aerobic, delayed muscle firing, do not fatigue easily, bast for endurance sports
55
Type II fibers
Fast-twitch, anaerobic, fast to fire, tire out quickly, best for short bursts of activity
56
Frontal lobe functions
Planning, initiation, inhibition of voluntary motion, reasoning, problem-solving, attention, flexibility in thinking, personality change, perseverance, emotions, expressive language
57
58
Anomia
Problems with finding a word
59
Agraphia
Difficulty writing
60
Alexia
Difficulty reading
61
Dyscalculia
Difficulty with math
62
Temporal lobe functions
Recognizing faces, understanding spoken language, memory, categorizing, auditory and receptive language processing
63
Occipital lobe functions
Visual processing and reception
64
Brodmann's area 44
Broca's area
65
Brodmann's area 22
Wernicke's area
66
Brodmann's area 1, 2, 3
Postcentral gyrus
67
Brodmann's area 41
Heschl's gyrus
68
Brodmann's area 4
Precentral gyrus
69
Function of the precentral gyrus
Execution of voluntary movement
70
Brodmann's area 6
Premotor region
71
Function of the premotor region
Action planning
72
Brodmann's area anterior to region 6
Prefrontal association area
73
Function of the prefrontal association area
Preparation for motor action
74
Dysarthria
Speech issues due to muscle weakness
75
Damage to what results in dysarthria?
Cranial nerve, brainstem, or basal ganglia
76
Apraxia
Motor planning disorder caused by damage to the premotor region that causes difficulty initating speech (but not due to weak muscles)
77
What are the levels of the brain?
Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
78
Telencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricle, and basal ganglia
79
Diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and third ventricle
80
Mesencephalon
Cerebral aqueduct
81
Metencephalon
Pons, cerebellum, and a portion of the fourth ventricle
82
Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata
83
Parts of the corpus callosum
Rostrum, genu, body, splenium
84
Thalamus functions
Sends sensory information for conscious awareness, pain, temperature, and touch sensations, level of arousal, attention, and sleep-wake cycles, relay station from the cerebellum to the motor cortex
85
Hypothalamus functions
Metabolism and water balance, autonomic nervous system control (mediates emotions such as rage), sleep/wake mechanisms, regulation of body temperature and food intake
86
Basal ganglia function
Initiation of movement pattern
87
Caudate nucleus function
Planning movement execution, guiding adaptive behaviors
88
Putamen functions
Learning and motor control, automatic performance of previously learned muscle movements
89
Globus pallidus functions
Controls consciousness and propreoceptive movement
90
Amgdala function
Major processing center for emotions (particularly fear)
91
Hippocampus functions
Memory, facial recognition
92
Left brain functions
Logic, verbal, detail, science, names, math, strategy, order, thinking, and writing
93
Right brain functions
Pictures, stories, "big picture", observation, shapes, music, patterns, imagination, beauty, possibilites
94
Circle of Willis
Cerebrovascular system of the brain, which ensures constant blood supply to the brain and helps equalize blood pressure and distribution
95
Thrombotic stroke
Clot grows in the arteries in the brain
96
Embolic stroke
Clot travels to the brain from elsewhere
97
Transient Ischemic Attack
Fleeting, clot may break up or dissolve
98
Hemorrhagic stroke
Rupture of a blood vessel
99
Aneurysm
Enlarged artery
100
Wernicke's aphasia
Fluent speech, problems with comprehension, content, and repeating
101
Broca's aphasia
Non-fluent speech, comprehension intact
102
Global aphasia
Damage to both Broca's area and Wernicke's area
103
Motor function involves:
1. Identification of a target (posterior parietal lobe) 2. Develop a plan to achieve the target behavior (premotor region) 3. Execute the plan (precentral gyrus)
104
Midbrain functions
Integration of auditory and visual information, all motor fibers pass through this crus
105
Pons function
Relay center for impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum, integration of visual and balance information, mastication, and facial movement
106
Medulla oblongata functions
Autonomic functions (breathing, swallowing, cardiac function, balance), motor function for larynx, cross-over of nerve fibers
107
Cerebellum functions
Coordination of motor commands, communicates with the brainstem, spinal, and the cerebral cortex, motor memory, involuntary
108
Pyramidal tract function
Directly activates voluntary motor movement (corticobulbar tract and corticospinal tract)
109
Corticobulbar tract function
Voluntary speech movements (cranial nerves)
110
Corticospinal tract function
Voluntary movement of trunk and limbs (spinal nerves)
111
Extrapyramidal tract
Controls involuntary movement (like posture)
112

A&P of Speech and Hearing (5 decks)

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