Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P of Speech and Hearing > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the auditory nerve pathway

A

Auditory nerve, cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, Heschl’s gyrus (in the auditory cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of the superior olivary complex

A

Localizes sound in space, and plays a role in the acoustic reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of the lateral lemniscus

A

Helps with timing of sounds and recognition of tones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of the inferior colliculus

A

Integrates signals and sounds, filters sounds, recognizes frequency, discriminates pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of the medial geniculate body

A

Lateralization and localization of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of Heschl’s gyrus

A

Integrates and processes all information as it relates to speech, voice, frequency, intensity, and language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the building blocks of the brain?

A

Glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Glial cells that provide structural support to nerves and synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of myelin

A

Provides protection and makes neural connections move faster along the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where nerve cells meet to transmit information

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Respond directly to stimulation or receive input from sensory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Motor neurons

A

Connect to muscle or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inter neurons

A

Connect neurons to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Pyramid-shaped cells involved in motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Non-pyramidal cells

A

Star-shaped cells involved in sensory function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Projection fibers

A

Connect the cortex with distant locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Association fibers

A

Communicate between regions of the same hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connect the right and left hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The activity of neurons leads to…?

A

Sensation, perception, discrimination, emotion, behavior, actions of muscles, organs, and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Excitation

A

Stimulation that causes an increase in activity of the tissue stimulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inhibition

A

Stimulation that reduces a neuron’s output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

An electrical event

A

Action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A substance that causes either the excitation or inhibition of another neuron of muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of acetylcholine

A

Excitation of the neuromuscular junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Function of dopamine

A

Feelings of pleasure and reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Function of norephinephrine

A

Regulates arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Function of serotonin

A

Regulates mood, sleep, and digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Function of endorphins

A

Relieve pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How many substances are considered to be neurotransmitters?

A

Approximately 40-50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Sensory information to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Motor information away from the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Function of the diencephalon

A

Supports attention to stimulation and responses to danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

MRI

A

Has strong magnets, is useful for soft tissue, and does not use radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

fMRI

A

Measures blood flow to tissue, implies the function of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

CT

A

Uses a low dose of irradiation to create 3-dimensional images, useful for imaging problems with the cerebrovascular supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

EEG

A

Measures brainwave activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What happens in MS?

A

The immune system attacks the myelin of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens to the myelin in MS?

A

It is damaged or destroyed and replaced with a scar-like plaque which greatly inhibits neural conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the early signs of MS?

A

Vestibular or balance dysfunction, inflammation of the optic nerve, foot drop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the three protective features of the brain?

A
  1. Skull
  2. Meninges
  3. CSF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Dura mater

A

Closest to the skull bone, a tough two-layered lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Lacey and spider-like, through which many blood vessels flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin membranous covering that closely follows the contour of the brain, allows the passage of blood vessels into the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What circulates in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How many nerve cells and glial cells does the brain have?

A

85-100 billion of each

46
Q

What percentage of body mass is the brain?

A

2%, but gets 25% of the oxygen and 20% of cardiac output

47
Q

If the brain loses blood for:

A

10 seconds: lose consciousness
20 seconds: electrical activity stops
2-3 minutes: permanent brain damage

48
Q

Sulci

A

Valleys of the brain

49
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges of the brain

50
Q

Ventricles

A

Fluid-filled cavities (CSF) that contain a choroid plexus which produces CSF

51
Q

When nerve and muscle communicate

A

Muscle twitch

52
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor neuron, axon, and the muscle fibers it innervates

53
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Provides feedback to the neuromotor system about muscle position, motion, and length

54
Q

Type I fibers

A

Slow-twitch, aerobic, delayed muscle firing, do not fatigue easily, bast for endurance sports

55
Q

Type II fibers

A

Fast-twitch, anaerobic, fast to fire, tire out quickly, best for short bursts of activity

56
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

Planning, initiation, inhibition of voluntary motion, reasoning, problem-solving, attention, flexibility in thinking, personality change, perseverance, emotions, expressive language

57
Q
A
58
Q

Anomia

A

Problems with finding a word

59
Q

Agraphia

A

Difficulty writing

60
Q

Alexia

A

Difficulty reading

61
Q

Dyscalculia

A

Difficulty with math

62
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A

Recognizing faces, understanding spoken language, memory, categorizing, auditory and receptive language processing

63
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

Visual processing and reception

64
Q

Brodmann’s area 44

A

Broca’s area

65
Q

Brodmann’s area 22

A

Wernicke’s area

66
Q

Brodmann’s area 1, 2, 3

A

Postcentral gyrus

67
Q

Brodmann’s area 41

A

Heschl’s gyrus

68
Q

Brodmann’s area 4

A

Precentral gyrus

69
Q

Function of the precentral gyrus

A

Execution of voluntary movement

70
Q

Brodmann’s area 6

A

Premotor region

71
Q

Function of the premotor region

A

Action planning

72
Q

Brodmann’s area anterior to region 6

A

Prefrontal association area

73
Q

Function of the prefrontal association area

A

Preparation for motor action

74
Q

Dysarthria

A

Speech issues due to muscle weakness

75
Q

Damage to what results in dysarthria?

A

Cranial nerve, brainstem, or basal ganglia

76
Q

Apraxia

A

Motor planning disorder caused by damage to the premotor region that causes difficulty initating speech (but not due to weak muscles)

77
Q

What are the levels of the brain?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

78
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricle, and basal ganglia

79
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and third ventricle

80
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Cerebral aqueduct

81
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum, and a portion of the fourth ventricle

82
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata

83
Q

Parts of the corpus callosum

A

Rostrum, genu, body, splenium

84
Q

Thalamus functions

A

Sends sensory information for conscious awareness, pain, temperature, and touch sensations, level of arousal, attention, and sleep-wake cycles, relay station from the cerebellum to the motor cortex

85
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

Metabolism and water balance, autonomic nervous system control (mediates emotions such as rage), sleep/wake mechanisms, regulation of body temperature and food intake

86
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

Initiation of movement pattern

87
Q

Caudate nucleus function

A

Planning movement execution, guiding adaptive behaviors

88
Q

Putamen functions

A

Learning and motor control, automatic performance of previously learned muscle movements

89
Q

Globus pallidus functions

A

Controls consciousness and propreoceptive movement

90
Q

Amgdala function

A

Major processing center for emotions (particularly fear)

91
Q

Hippocampus functions

A

Memory, facial recognition

92
Q

Left brain functions

A

Logic, verbal, detail, science, names, math, strategy, order, thinking, and writing

93
Q

Right brain functions

A

Pictures, stories, “big picture”, observation, shapes, music, patterns, imagination, beauty, possibilites

94
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Cerebrovascular system of the brain, which ensures constant blood supply to the brain and helps equalize blood pressure and distribution

95
Q

Thrombotic stroke

A

Clot grows in the arteries in the brain

96
Q

Embolic stroke

A

Clot travels to the brain from elsewhere

97
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack

A

Fleeting, clot may break up or dissolve

98
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Rupture of a blood vessel

99
Q

Aneurysm

A

Enlarged artery

100
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Fluent speech, problems with comprehension, content, and repeating

101
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Non-fluent speech, comprehension intact

102
Q

Global aphasia

A

Damage to both Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

103
Q

Motor function involves:

A
  1. Identification of a target (posterior parietal lobe)
  2. Develop a plan to achieve the target behavior (premotor region)
  3. Execute the plan (precentral gyrus)
104
Q

Midbrain functions

A

Integration of auditory and visual information, all motor fibers pass through this crus

105
Q

Pons function

A

Relay center for impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum, integration of visual and balance information, mastication, and facial movement

106
Q

Medulla oblongata functions

A

Autonomic functions (breathing, swallowing, cardiac function, balance), motor function for larynx, cross-over of nerve fibers

107
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

Coordination of motor commands, communicates with the brainstem, spinal, and the cerebral cortex, motor memory, involuntary

108
Q

Pyramidal tract function

A

Directly activates voluntary motor movement (corticobulbar tract and corticospinal tract)

109
Q

Corticobulbar tract function

A

Voluntary speech movements (cranial nerves)

110
Q

Corticospinal tract function

A

Voluntary movement of trunk and limbs (spinal nerves)

111
Q

Extrapyramidal tract

A

Controls involuntary movement (like posture)

112
Q
A

A&P of Speech and Hearing (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions