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A&P of Speech and Hearing > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cavities of the vocal tract?

A

Oral cavity, buccal cavity, and pharyngeal cavity

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2
Q

Oral cavity characteristics

A

Most significant, undergoes the most change, shape is altered by movement of the tongue or mandible, extends from the lips to the facial pillars

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3
Q

Buccal cavity function and location

A

Plays a role in oral resonance when the mandible is depressed, space between the posterior teeth and cheeks

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4
Q

What is the length of the pharyngeal cavity?

A

12 cm

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5
Q

Pharyngeal cavity characteristics

A

Goes from behind the nasal cavities to the vocal folds, is lined with muscle that can constrict the space of the tube (for swallowing), and has an important role in closing the velopharyngeal port

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6
Q

What are the three pharynxes?

A

Oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and nasopharynx

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7
Q

What is the source-filter theory of vowel production?

A

Voice is generated by the vocal folds, routed (filtered) through the vocal tract, and changes in various articulators change the resonance characteristics of the sound, changing the sound that is produced.

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8
Q

Resonant frequency sources

A

Vowels: phonation
Consonants: frication/turbulence

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9
Q

What is articulation?

A

The process of joining two elements together

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10
Q

Name the mobile and immobile articulators

A

Immobile: alveolar ridge, teeth, and hard palate

Mobile: tongue, lips, mandible, velum, cheeks, pharynx, and larynx/hyoid bone

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11
Q

What is the articulatory system?

A

The system of mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact to shape the sounds of speech

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12
Q

Muscle involved in tongue tip elevation

A

Superior longitudinal (t, d)

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13
Q

Muscle involved in tongue tip depression

A

Inferior longitudinal (k, g)

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14
Q

Muscle involved in tongue tip deviation

A

Simultaneous contraction of the left superior and inferior longitudinal

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15
Q

Muscle involved in lateral margins relaxation

A

Slight contraction of the genioglossus, superior longitudinal, and transverse intrinsic muscles (l)

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16
Q

Muscle involved in tongue narrowing

A

Transverse muscle

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17
Q

Muscle involved in central tongue grooving

A

Genioglossus and vertical muscles

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18
Q

Muscle involved in tongue retraction

A

Genioglossus and superior and inferior longitudinal (can also include the styloglossus)

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19
Q

Muscle involved in tongue protrusion

A

Genioglossus, vertical and transverse muscles

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20
Q

Muscle involved in posterior tongue elevation

A

Palatoglossus and transverse muscles (k)

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21
Q

Muscle involved in tongue body depression

A

Genioglossus

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22
Q

Orbicularis oris

A
  • Facial expression and speech
  • Single muscle encircling the mouth
  • The upper and lower orbicularis oris act as a drawstring to pull the lips closer together and effect a labial seal
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
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23
Q

Risorius

A
  • Originates from the posterior region of the face along the masseter muscle
  • Inserts into the corners of the mouth
  • Retracts the lips at the corners (smiling/grinning)
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
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24
Q

Buccinator

A
  • Deep to the risorius following a parallel course
  • Originates at the pterygomandibular ligament
  • Inserts into the upper and lower orbicularis oris
  • Primarily involved in mastication
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
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25
Q

Muscles that elevate the upper lip

A
  • Levator labii superioris
  • Zygomaticus minor
  • Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (also helps flare nostrils)
  • Insert into the mid-lateral region of the upper lip
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
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26
Q

Zygomaticus major

A
  • Arises from the zygomatic bone
  • Inserts into the corner of the orbicularis oris
  • Elevates and retracts the angle of the mouth
  • Primary smiling muscle (works with the risorius)
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
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27
Q

Levator anguli oris

A
  • Arises from the canine fossa of the maxilla
  • Inserts into the upper and lower lips
  • Draws the corner of the mouth up and medially
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
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28
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A
  • Originates from the mandible at the oblique line
  • Inserts into the lower lip
  • Pulls lips down and out
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
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29
Q

Depressor anguli oris

A
  • Originates from the mandible at the oblique line
  • Fanlike fibers on the orbicularis oris and upper lip
  • Depresses corners of mouth, frowning, compresses lips
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
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30
Q

Mentalis

A
  • Originates from the incisive fossa of the mandible
  • Inserts into the skin of the chin
  • Elevates and wrinkles the chin, pulls out the lower lip as in pouting
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
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31
Q

Platysma

A
  • Originates from the pectoralis major and deltoid
  • Inserts into the corner of the mouth
  • Aids in depression of the mandible (mastication)
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
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32
Q

Differences in the vocal tract (adult vs. infant)

A

Infant vocal tract: 6-8 cm
Adult vocal tract: 15-18 cm
- The nasopharynx enlarges and becomes more angled
- The oral and pharyngeal cavities grow
- The tongue descends
- The oropharyngeal space increases
- The length and depth of the mandible increase to accommodate the tongue

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33
Q

What are the muscles of the velum?

A
  • Levator veli palatini
  • Muscularis uvulae
  • Tensor veli palatini
  • Palatopharyngeus
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34
Q

Levator veli palatini

A
  • Arises from the petrous portion
  • Inserts into the soft palate lateral to the uvulae
  • Elevates and retracts soft palate
  • Innervated by the accessory and vagus nerves
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35
Q

Muscularis uvulae

A
  • Muscle embedded within the uvulae
  • Runs from the palatine bones to the sides of the velum
  • Shortens the soft palate
  • Innervated by the accessory and vagus nerves
36
Q

Tensor veli palatini

A
  • Arises from the sphenoid bone and lateral eustachian tube wall
  • Inserts into the palatine bone
  • Dilates the eustachian tube
  • Innervated by the trigeminal nerve
37
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A
  • Originates from the anterior hard palate
  • Inserts into the posterior thyroid cartilage
  • Narrows the pharyngeal cavity, lowers the soft palate, assists in elevating the larynx
  • Innervated by the accessory and vagus nerves
38
Q

What are the muscles of the pharynx?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors, and the salpingopharyngeus

39
Q

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

A
  • Originates on the superior sleeve of the pharyngeal wall attaching to the temporal bone, medial pterygoid plate, and eustachian tube
  • Forms the sides and back wall of the nasopharynx and the oropharynx
  • Pulls the pharyngeal wall forward and constricts the pharyngeal diameter
  • Effects the velopharyngeal seal
  • Innervated by the accessory and vagus nerves
40
Q

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

A
  • Arises from the horns of the hyoid
  • Inserts into the medial pharyngeal raphe
  • Narrows the diameter of the pharynx
  • Innervated by the accessory and vagus nerves
41
Q

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

A
  • Arises from the sides of the cricoid cartilage
  • Inserts into the orifice of the esophagus
  • Reduces the diameter of the lower pharynx
  • Important muscle for swallowing
  • Innervated by the accessory and vagus nerves
42
Q

Salpingopharyngeus

A
  • Arises from the lower portion of the eustachian tube
  • Converges with the palatopharyngeus
  • Shortens the pharynx
  • Innervated by the accessory and vagus nerves
43
Q

Production of high-pressure consonants requires what?

A

Greater velopharyngeal effort

44
Q

Masseter

A
  • Originates at the zygomatic arch
  • Inserts into the angle/neck of the mandible
  • Elevates the mandible, helps with clenching teeth
  • Innervated by the trigeminal nerve
45
Q

Temporalis

A
  • Arises from the temporal fossa
  • Inserts into the coronoid process of the mandible
  • Elevates the mandible and draws it back
  • Innervated by the trigeminal nerve
46
Q

Medial pterygoid

A
  • Originates from the medial pterygoid plate
  • Inserts into the angle/neck of the mandible
  • Elevates the mandible in conjunction with the masseter
  • Innervated by the trigeminal nerve
47
Q

Lateral pterygoid

A
  • Arises from the sphenoid bone
  • Inserts into the pterygoid fovea of the mandible
  • Protrudes the mandible
  • Innervated by the trigeminal nerve
48
Q

Digastrics

A
  • Anterior originates at the inner surface of the mandible
  • Posterior originates from the mastoid process
  • Depress the mandible
  • Innervated by the facial nerve
49
Q

Mylohyoid

A
  • Originates from the underside of the mandible
  • The fanlike muscle inserts into the hyoid
  • Depresses the mandible
  • Innervated by the trigeminal nerve
50
Q

Geniohyoid

A
  • Originates at the mental spines of the mandible
  • Inserts into the corpus hyoid
  • Lies just under the body of the tongue
  • Depresses the mandible if the hyoid is fixed
  • Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
51
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A
  • Inferior-most part of the lateral nasal wall
  • Small scroll-like bones
  • Unpaired
  • Covered in a mucosal lining with vascular supply
52
Q

What are the four pairs of accessory sinuses?

A
  • Frontal sinuses
  • Maxillary sinuses
  • Ethmoid sinuses
  • Sphenoid sinuses
53
Q

What are the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse muscles, and vertical muscles

54
Q

Superior longitudinal

A
  • Courses along the length of the tongue
  • Elevates the tongue tip or pulls the tongue to one side or the other
  • Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
55
Q

Inferior longitudinal

A
  • Originates at the base of the tongue to the tip
  • Pulls the tongue tip down and assists in retraction of the tongue
  • Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
56
Q

Transverse muscles

A
  • Originate at the median fibrous septum and course laterally to insert into the side of the tongue
  • Pulls the edges of the tongue towards the midline, narrowing the tongue
  • Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
57
Q

Vertical muscles

A
  • Run at right angles to the transverse muscles
  • Originate at the base of the tongue and insert into the membranous cover
  • Flatten the tongue
  • Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
58
Q

What are the extrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, stylopharyngeus, and palatoglossus

59
Q

Genioglossus

A
  • Arises from the inner mandibular surface and inserts into the tip and dorsum of the tongue and the hyoid bone
  • Retraction of the tongue, protrusion of the tongue tip, cupping the tongue
  • Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
60
Q

Hyoglossus

A
  • Arises from the greater corner of the hyoid bone
  • Inserts into the sides of the tongue
  • Pulls the sides of the tongue down
  • Hypoglossal nerve
61
Q

Styloglossus

A
  • Originates from the styloid process
  • Inserts into the inferior sides of the tongue
  • Draw the tongue back and up
  • Hypoglossal
62
Q

Stylopharyngeus

A
  • Arises from the styloid process
  • Inserts into the posterior thyroid cartilage
  • Elevates and opens the pharynx
  • Innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve
63
Q

Palatoglossus

A
  • Makes up the anterior faucial pillar
  • Depresses the soft palate
  • Elevates the back of the tongue
  • Makes a /k/ sound
  • Innervated by the accessory and vagus nerves
64
Q

What is a tongue tie?

A

This happens when the lingual frenulum is too short, causing difficulty elevating the tongue for phonemes

65
Q

What is the most complex sequential motor task performed by humans?

A

Speech

66
Q

What is the conceptual system?

A

We first develop an idea that we want to express, which represents a sentence to be spoken. This idea must be mapped into a syntactical system to choose the correct words to fit the syntax.

67
Q

Phonological system

A

Phonological rules are applied to establish the correct phoneme

68
Q

Muscle movement system

A

Muscles are activated to meet the needs of the feature selection process… we have developed an idea that we map into muscle movements that change the oral cavity

69
Q

Coarticulation

A

The overlapping of phonemes/the overlapping effect of one articulatory pattern on another

70
Q

Coarticulation in running speech

A

We begin movement toward an atriculatory posture well in advance of when it is needed

71
Q

DIVA model of speech production

A

Utilizes auditory feedback (learning) and feed-forward (learned

72
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

73
Q

Mastication and deglutition require the integration of:

A

Lingual, velar, pharyngeal, facial muscle movement, laryngeal adjustments, respiratory control, and the cerebral cortex/brainstem

74
Q

Infant vs. adults swallowing anatomically

A

Infant
- Oral cavity is smaller
- Larynx is higher
- Hyoid is higher and more forward
- Larger velum
- Sucking reflex

75
Q

Infants vs. adults swallowing physiologically

A
  • Infant coordinates breathing during the suck/swallow reflex
  • The velum “locks” into the space between the epiglottis and tongue which seals the infant’s airway so the bolus cannot enter the respiratory passageway
  • Dentition begins to form around the sixth month with solid food, blocking the anterior protrusion of the tongue and supporting retraction of the tongue during swallowing and allowing mastication
76
Q

What are the stages of deglutition?

A

Oral preparatory stage, oral stage, pharyngeal stage, and esophageal stage

77
Q

Oral preparatory stage characteristics

A
  • Put food in mouth and close lips
  • Tongue bunches up in the back
  • Soft palate is pulled down
  • Breathe through nose
  • Salivary glands secrete saliva
  • Facial muscles (risorius and buccinator) contract to keep the food from entering the lateral sulcus (buccal cavity)
78
Q

How many times do you grind your teeth for one bite of cracker?

A

15-30 times

79
Q

Oral stage characteristics

A
  • Tongue retracts posteriorly
  • Tongue tip elevates to the hard palate and squeezes the bolus back
  • Velum raises to seal off the nasopharynx
  • Once the food makes contact in the oropharynx, the swallow is “triggered”
80
Q

Pharyngeal stage characteristics

A
  • Begins when the swallow reflex has been “triggered” at the oropharynx (takes less than 1 second)
  • Soft palate stays elevated
  • Breathing stops
  • Lips are closed to maintain pressure
  • Vocal folds close
  • Epiglottis descends
  • Pharyngeal constrictors contract
  • Larynx and hyoid are elevated and brought forward
  • Upper esophageal sphincter relaxes
81
Q

Esophageal stage characteristics

A
  • Reflexive stage (not within voluntary control)
  • Breathing begins
  • Bolus is transported through the esophagus to the stomach
  • Wavelike contraction (peristalsis) along with gravity moves the bolus
82
Q

What are the three parts of the voluntary motor act?

A

Identification of a target, develop a plan to achieve the target behavior, and execute the plan

83
Q

Describe the first stage of the voluntary motor act

A

Identification of a target (make the tongue tip contact the alveolar ridge)
- Posterior parietal lobe (Brodmann’s 5, 7, 39, 40)
- Receives a complete “body map” of the location and condition of all body parts and integrates this

84
Q

Describe the second stage of the voluntary motor act

A

Develop a plan to achieve that target behavior
- Premotor region (area 6)
- Takes information from the parietal lobe and integrates that information with an action plan to make the tongue tip contact the alveolar ridge

85
Q

Describe the third stage of the voluntary motor act

A

Execute the plan
- Precentral gyrus (area 4)
- Commands to muscle from the motor strip about accurate timing, force, and rate

A&P of Speech and Hearing (5 decks)

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