Exam 5 Flashcards
In psychoanalytic theory, what are the three different levels of awareness? Briefly describe the nature or characteristics of each of these levels.
Conscious, thoughts or information in our immediate awareness.
Unconscious, consists of thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
Preconscious, outside awareness that is accessible into conscious awareness.
What are Freud’s three personality structures? What is identification and to which personality structure does it apply?
Id (Unconscious), unconscious psychic energy that aims to satisfy drives such as survival, reproduction, and aggression. Pleasure principle.
Ego (Conscious), reality principle that aims to satisfy the id’s impulses in realistic ways that bring long-term pleasure.
Superego (Preconscious), morality principle that represents internalized ideals and provides judgment and future aspiration standards.
What is the primary or most fundamental ego defense mechanism? (Note: I won’t ask
you to be able to recall each of the defense mechanisms but I will ask a few multiple-
choice questions about them on the exam.)
Repression, primary defense mechanism that dispels anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
Regression, going back to earlier psychosexual stage where psychic energy is fixated.
Reaction Formation, switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites.
Projection, disguising threatening impulses by attributing to others.
Rationalization, self-justifying explanations with real, more threatening unconscious reasons for actions.
Displacement, shifting aggressive impulses toward less threatening object or person.
Denial, refusal to believe or perceive painful realities.
What is the (main) assumption underlying the use of projective tests? In other words,
what do all projective tests share in common regarding how they assess personality?
(Note that this question is not asking you to comment on the reliability of validity of projective tests) Describe two common projective tests.
Projective tests, a personality test that displays ambiguous pictures for people to make up stories about them to project one’s inner dynamics.
TAT, projective test in which people express inner feelings and interests through their made up stories about ambiguous scenes.
Rorschach, projective test in which people describe what they see in a series of inkblots to identify people’s inner feelings through analyzing interpretations.
Explain how neo-Freudian theorists Horney, Adler, and Jung each departed from Freudian theory.
Adler, suggests behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority.
Horney, suggests that childhood anxiety triggers desire for love and security.
Both believed that childhood social tensions are important for personality formation.
Jung, suggests that the unconscious has more repressed thoughts and feelings and that we have a collective unconscious, which are common archetypes taken from our universal experiences.
What is self-actualization?
The motivation to fulfill one’s potential after achieving self-esteem and meeting basic physical and psychological needs.
What are four characteristics (more were presented in the text) of Maslow’s self-actualized individuals?
Loving and caring
Self-aware and self-accepting
Open and spontaneous
Unaffected by others’ opinions
According to text’s discussion of the theory of Carl Rogers, what three conditions are
necessary for healthy growth and development?
Acceptance, unconditional positive regard that helps people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
Genuineness, self-disclosing, open their own feelings, and are transparent.
Empathy, ability to share and mirror other’s feelings and reflect their meanings.
Define Roger’s concepts of self-concept and self-esteem (these concepts are covered in different modules).
Self-concept, every thought and feeling about ourselves, “Who am I?”.
Self-esteem, our feelings of high or low self-worth.
With which personality perspective is the MMPI associated? Explain what people mean when they say that this test is “empirically derived.”
The trait perspective. Or personality inventories(?)
Empirically derived means selecting from a large pool of items those that discriminate between groups.
What are the “Big Five” personality factors? (If it helps, remember the acronym “OCEAN” and that Neuroticism means the same thing as Emotional Stability)
Openness, Practical vs. Imaginative, Routine vs. Variety, Conforming vs. Independent
Conscientiousness, Disorganized vs. Organized, Careless vs. Careful, Impulsive vs. Disciplined.
Extraversion, Retiring vs. Sociable, Sober vs. Fun-Loving, Reserved vs. Affectionate.
Agreeableness, Ruthless vs. Soft-hearted, Suspicious vs. Trusting, Uncooperative vs. Helpful.
Neuroticism, emotional stability vs. instability.
In Hans Eysenck’s theory, what are the two basic dimensions of personality
(presented in lecture)?
Emotional stability-instability and extraversion-introversion.
Define or graphically represent what is meant by Bandura’s term of reciprocal determinism.
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
According the Julian Rotter, how do people differ in terms of their beliefs about the amount of control they have in their lives? On average, which of these types of
personalities is associated with better adjustment? (See page 397 in Module 34)
External locus of control,
Internal locus of control,
Describe learned helpless and how this concept is used to explain the behaviors of humans and animals (See pages 396-397 & Figure 34.1 in Module 34).
What is a psychological disorder? What two characteristics are often present in the
behavior of people diagnosed with a psychological disorder?
A syndrome that is marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
Dysfunctional and/or maladaptive, interfering with normal routine.
Describe the design and results of David Rosenhan’s study on the impact of psychiatric labeling (see discussion beginning on page 497 of Module 40).
In David Rosenhan’s study, 7 people including Rosenhan went to hospital admissions offices and falsely complained that they heard voices saying the words “empty, hollow and thud.” They answered truthfully to questions besides their false names and occupations, and all eight were misdiagnosed with disorders.
Psychiatric labels contained or bias how someone interprets their behavior.
Differentiate major depressive disorder from bipolar depression.
Those with major depressive disorder experience hopelessness and lethargy that lasts several weeks or months.
Those with bipolar disorder switch between depression and overexcited hyperactivity or mania, and is more dysfunctional.
Approximately what percentage (round to the nearest whole number) of Americans
has experienced a mood disorder (depressive disorders or bipolar disorder) in the past
year? (See Table 40.2)
Approximately 9% of Americans.
Low levels of what two neurotransmitters appear to be related to depression?
Serotonin and norepinephrine.
Describe the three components of the explanatory style that depressed people use to
explain the bad events that happen to them. (See Figure 42.4)
Stable, “I’ll never get over this.”
Global, “I can’t do anything right.”
Internal, “It’s all my fault.”
Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia.
Positive symptoms (presence):
Delusions which are persistent false beliefs.
Hallucinations, auditory - hearing things that no one else hears such as negative voices or visual - seeing things no one else sees.
Disorganized sensations, thinking, speech, and behavior.
Negative symptoms (absence):
Flat affect, the loss of emotion.
Lack of speech.
Lack of motivation.
High levels of what neurotransmitter appear to be related to the symptoms of schizophrenia?
Dopamine
Describe two common brain abnormalities that are often associated with schizophrenia. What are two possible explanations for their occurrence?
Increased dopamine release in certain parts of the brain.
Enlarged ventricles.
Inheritance
Genetics
Viral infection
