Exam

Question 1

Diversity

Answer 1

The degree of variation of living things present in a particular ecosystem

Question 2

Non-target species

Answer 2

A species that is unintentionally affected by a change in the ecosystem such as the use of a pesticide

Question 3

Predator

Answer 3

An animal that naturally feeds on others

Question 4

Prey

Answer 4

An animal that is hunted and killed by another for food

Question 5

Primary consumer

Answer 5

Animals that are in the second trophic level of a food chain or food web. These animals are herbivores that eat producers.

Question 6

Secondary consumer

Answer 6

Animals that are in the third trophic level of a food chain or food web. These animals are usually omnivores or carnivores and they are predators of primary consumers.

Question 7

Element

Answer 7

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler chemical substance by any physical or chemical means

Question 8

Mechanical mixture

Answer 8

A mixture in which you can distinguish between different types of
matter

Question 9

Molecular element

Answer 9

a molecule consisting of atoms of the same element

Question 10

Solution

Answer 10

a uniform mixture of two or more substances

Question 11

Renewable resource

Answer 11

a natural resource that is unlimited (for example, energy from the Sun or wind) or can be replenished by natural processes in a relatively short period of time (for example, biomass)

Question 12

How do you impact the environment and what can you do to reduce the impact?

Answer 12

I impact the environment in many ways. I pollute the environment from fumes from my car. Plants and animals die from exposure to pollutants, resulting in loss of biodiversity causing severe damage to self-sustaining ecosystems. A way I could reduce this pollution would be to carpool. This would reduce car-fume emissions. I also do not use Eco friendly products (shampoos, cleaning products, etc.) These products can get in to the environment through the water system and animals can drink from this water or even live in it. After consuming these harmful products, bio amplification may occur causing many species to be affected. I can reduce the risk of harmful products by switching to phosphate free or biodegradable items.

Question 13

Discuss why introducing non-native species can be detrimental to an existing ecosystem

Answer 13

Species may become invasive or overpopulated. If the non native species were to become invasive, they could compete with, harm, or feed on native species in the area. These native species could be beneficial for the ecosystem. Also, non-native species could spread diseases (EX. West Nile virus) and pesticides used to eliminate these organisms could harm other species and pollute the air, water, and soil that organisms rely on. Finally, these non-native species can become overpopulated if they have no predators in the area. If overpopulated, the non-native species may consume most of the food sources that other organisms rely on.

Question 14

Limits on energy transfer

Answer 14

As energy travels up the food chain, less and less of it becomes available. Approximately 10% of the energy transferred in one trophic level is available for use at the next trophic level. Energy is lost to the environment when it is converted into an unusable form called thermal energy

Question 15

How many trophic levels are there? Why?

Answer 15

There is a maximum of 5 trophic levels in a food web because the overall loss of energy sets a limit on the number of trophic levels in a food chain.

Question 16

Maximum electrons in 1st orbit of BR diagrams

Answer 16

2 electrons

Question 17

Maximum electrons in 2nd orbit of BR diagrams

Answer 17

8 electrons

Question 18

Maximum electrons in 3rd orbit of BR diagrams

Answer 18

8 electrons

Question 19

What goes in the middle of BR diagrams. What files their represent?

Answer 19

of protons and # of neutrons.

Question 20

Chemical formula

Answer 20

A chemical formula is a combination of symbols that represents a compound. It tells us which element, and how many atoms of each, make up one molecule of the compound.

Question 21

When do compounds form?

Answer 21

Compounds formed when two or more elements are bonded together. The atoms in the compound are bonded in a scientific proportion.

Question 22

Ionic compounds

Answer 22

Formed by metal ions and nonmetal ions. Metals form cations and nonmetals form anions. These have opposite charges and are therefore attracted to each other.

Question 23

Bohr-Rutherford diagrams of compounds

Answer 23

Only valance electrons are drawn

Question 24

Rules for writing the names of ionic compounds

Answer 24

• the metal is always written first

- The name of the metal stays the same but the name of the nonmetal changes. You replace the nonmetal ending with “ide”.

Question 25

Molecular compounds

Answer 25

Consists of two nonmetals. In these compounds electrons are shared, forming covalent bonds. When naming these compounds you must use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element.

Question 26

Rules about prefixes for molecular compounds

Answer 26

• A prefix is used on the first element when there is more than one atom
• A prefix is always use on the second element
• The ending of the second element is changed to “ide”

Question 27

Diatomic molecules

Answer 27

Elements that bond together in pairs. There are seven elements that do this and these elements are called the magic seven

Question 28

The difference between a series circuit and a parallel circuit

Answer 28

A series circuit provides one path for electrons to flow and a parallel circuit provides two or more paths for electrons to flow. In a series circuit the loads are connected end to end but in a parallel circuit the loads are connected by branches. In a series circuit if one switch is open all of the lamps won’t work. However, in a parallel circuit if one switch is open some of the lamps may still work. This depends on where the switch is located in the circuit.

Question 29

The location of gaseous and terrestrial planets

Answer 29

Gaseous planets are also called “gas giants” and they are the furthest four planets from the sun that are composed mostly of gases and liquids. These planets include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Terrestrial planets are the four planets closest to the sun that have a hard and rocky surface that is similar to Earth’s. These planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

Question 30

What is the reason for the seasons.

Answer 30

The earth tilt is the reason for the season. The earths axis is tilted 23.5° from vertical. As the earth revolves, we, in the northern hemisphere, experience four seasons, each three months long. We experience different amounts of daylight/darkness in and different temperatures and what we see in the night sky is different.

Question 31

Why a year is how long it is

Answer 31

The earths revolution is the reason for how long a calendar year is. The earth revolves around the sun: one complete revolution take 365 1/4 days which is one calendar year.

Question 32

Why does The sun rise and set where it does

Answer 32

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west because one complete rotation of the earth is in a west-to-east direction which takes one day.

Question 33

What causes night and day

Answer 33

The portion of the earth that is facing the sun is in daylight, away from the sun is night.

Question 34

What is an eclipse

Answer 34

An eclipse occurs when either the moon or the earth casts a shadow on the other

Question 35

Two types of eclipses

Answer 35

Solar eclipse and lunar eclipse

Question 36

Information about solar eclipse

Answer 36

• the moon moves directly between the earth and the sun
  – occur during the day
  – can be total or partial
  – rare-it is very unlikely that you will see more than one solar eclipse in one location in one lifetime
  – unsafe to watch

Question 37

Information about lunar eclipse

Answer 37

– The earth moves directly between the sun and the moon
– occur at night
– can be total or partial
- happens more often than solar eclipses
– safe to watch

Question 38

The lifecycle of stars

Answer 38

– Many last billions of years
– formed when parts of nebulas collapse in on themselves
– dense regions form, pulling in dust and gas, creating a protostar
– pressure in the core of the protostar increases and nuclear fusion begins

Question 39

The Earth’s axis

Answer 39

The earth’s axis is an imaginary straight line that runs through the earth from the north pole to the South Pole

Question 40

The earths rotation

Answer 40

One complete rotation, in a west-to-east direction, takes one day (sun rises in the east and sets in the west)

The portion of the earth that is facing the sun is in daylight, away from the sun is night

Question 41

Phases of the moon: Third-quarter

Answer 41

Happens when the moon is at a 90° angle with Earth. Half of the moon is illuminated.

Question 42

Phase of the moon: first quarter

Answer 42

Happens when the moon is that a 90° angle with her. Half of the moon is illuminated.

Question 43

Phases of the moon: full moon

Answer 43

Happens when the moon, Earth and Sun are in alignment. The moon is lit on the side facing us, therefore the moon looks completely full.

Question 44

Phases of the moon: new moon

Answer 44

Happens when the moon is between the earth and sun. The entire backside is illuminated, therefore the entire front side is dark and we can barely see the moon

Question 45

Other phases of the moon

Answer 45

Waxing gibbous, waxing crescent, waning crescent, waning gibbous

Question 46

Explain the charging temporarily by induction diagram

Answer 46

A negatively charged balloon is brought near a neutral wall, causing induced charge separation in the wall. The electrons in the wall move away from the balloon because alike charges repel. The side of the wall closest to the balloon is temporarily positively charged by induction and the side of the wall farthest from the wall is temporarily negatively charged by induction.

Question 47

Acronym for the order of the planets

Answer 47

Mom
Stays
Every
Monday 
Just
Stays
Until
Noon