Exam 4 (Winter 2014)

Question 1

concepts

Answer 1

a mental grouping of similar objects, ideas, events, or people.

Question 2

prototype

Answer 2

a mental image or best example of a category.

Question 3

algorithms

Answer 3

a methodical, logical role or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Question 4

heuristic

Answer 4

a simple thinning strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

Question 5

insight

Answer 5

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

Question 6

confirmation bias

Answer 6

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 7

availability heuristic

Answer 7

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Question 8

overconfidence

Answer 8

the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy if our beliefs and judgments

Question 9

belief perseverance

Answer 9

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 10

framing

Answer 10

the way an issue is posed

Question 11

identify some of the “perils” and “powers” of intuition.

Answer 11

Intuition is huge, usually adaptive, recognition born of experience. Can be perilous when we over feel and under think.

Question 12

linguistic determinism

Answer 12

Wharf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Question 13

intelligence

Answer 13

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Question 14

general intelligence (g)

Answer 14

a general intelligence factor that, acceding to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Question 15

multiple intelligences

Answer 15

Gardner. naturalist, linguistic, interpersonal, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial.

Question 16

Sternberg three intelligences

Answer 16

analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence-assessed by tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer. Such test predict school grades reasonably well and vocational success more modestly
creative intelligence- demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas
practical intelligence- required for everyday tasks with multiple solutions.

Question 17

savant syndrome

Answer 17

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill. Gardner used it

Question 18

creativity

Answer 18

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Question 19

Components of creativity

Answer 19

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment.

Question 20

characteristics of emotional intelligence

Answer 20

perceiving, understanding, managing, using emotions to enable adaptive or creative thinking

Question 21

What contribution did Francis Galton make to the study of intelligence?

Answer 21

assessed “intellectual strengths” based on reaction time, sensory acuity, muscular power, and body proportions.

Question 22

Who created the first individualized test of intelligence? For what purpose was it created?

Answer 22

Alfred Binet. To objectively identify children with special needs.

Question 23

Who coined the term “Intelligence Quotient” or IQ?

Answer 23

William Stern

Question 24

achievement tests

Answer 24

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

Question 25

aptitude tests

Answer 25

a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; the capacity to learn

Question 26

standardization

Answer 26

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Question 27

validity

Answer 27

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Question 28

reliability

Answer 28

the extent to which a test yields consistent results

Question 29

normal curve

Answer 29

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

Question 30

crystallized intelligence

Answer 30

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tend to increase with age

Question 31

fluid intelligence

Answer 31

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Question 32

stereotype threat

Answer 32

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated cased on a negative stereotype

Question 33

motivation

Answer 33

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 34

instinct

Answer 34

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Question 35

drive reduction theory

Answer 35

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 36

What percent of Americans are overweight, according to the text?

Answer 36

34%