Exam 4 (Winter 2014) Flashcards

1
Q

concepts

A

a mental grouping of similar objects, ideas, events, or people.

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2
Q

prototype

A

a mental image or best example of a category.

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3
Q

algorithms

A

a methodical, logical role or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

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4
Q

heuristic

A

a simple thinning strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

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5
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

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6
Q

confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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7
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

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8
Q

overconfidence

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy if our beliefs and judgments

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9
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

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10
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed

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11
Q

identify some of the “perils” and “powers” of intuition.

A

Intuition is huge, usually adaptive, recognition born of experience. Can be perilous when we over feel and under think.

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12
Q

linguistic determinism

A

Wharf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

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13
Q

intelligence

A

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

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14
Q

general intelligence (g)

A

a general intelligence factor that, acceding to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

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15
Q

multiple intelligences

A

Gardner. naturalist, linguistic, interpersonal, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial.

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16
Q

Sternberg three intelligences

A

analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence-assessed by tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer. Such test predict school grades reasonably well and vocational success more modestly
creative intelligence- demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas
practical intelligence- required for everyday tasks with multiple solutions.

17
Q

savant syndrome

A

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill. Gardner used it

18
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

19
Q

Components of creativity

A

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment.

20
Q

characteristics of emotional intelligence

A

perceiving, understanding, managing, using emotions to enable adaptive or creative thinking

21
Q

What contribution did Francis Galton make to the study of intelligence?

A

assessed “intellectual strengths” based on reaction time, sensory acuity, muscular power, and body proportions.

22
Q

Who created the first individualized test of intelligence? For what purpose was it created?

A

Alfred Binet. To objectively identify children with special needs.

23
Q

Who coined the term “Intelligence Quotient” or IQ?

A

William Stern

24
Q

achievement tests

A

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

25
aptitude tests
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance; the capacity to learn
26
standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
27
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
28
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
29
normal curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
30
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tend to increase with age
31
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
32
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated cased on a negative stereotype
33
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
34
instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
35
drive reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
36
What percent of Americans are overweight, according to the text?
34%