Exam 1 (Fall 2013)

Question 1

Wilhelm Wunt

Answer 1

established first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany

Question 2

Edward Bradford Titchener

Answer 2

used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements

Question 3

introspection

Answer 3

reporting on sensations and other elements of of experience

Question 4

William James and Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 4

legendary teacher James mentored Calkins, who became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association.

Question 5

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Answer 5

working with Rayner, Watson championed psychology at the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as “little Albert”.

Question 6

B.F Skinner

Answer 6

leading behaviorist, Skinner rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.

Question 7

Sigmund Freud

Answer 7

the controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity’s self-understanding.

Question 8

Charles Darwin

Answer 8

argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies.

Question 9

Neuroscience

Answer 9

how the body and brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences

Question 10

Evolutionary

Answer 10

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes.

Question 11

Behavior genetics

Answer 11

how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.

Question 12

Psychodynamics

Answer 12

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Question 13

Cognitive

Answer 13

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Question 14

Social-cultural

Answer 14

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

Question 15

Behavioral

Answer 15

how we learn observable responses

Question 16

3 main levels of analysis

Answer 16

Biological, psychological, social-cultural.

Question 17

Basic research

Answer 17

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

Question 18

Applied research

Answer 18

scientific study that aims to be solve practical problems.

Question 19

Counseling psychologists

Answer 19

help people to cope with challenges and crises (academic, vocational, marital) and to improve their personal and social functioning.

Question 20

Clinical psychologists

Answer 20

assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders.

Question 21

Psychiatrists

Answer 21

also may provide psychotherapy, are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders.

Question 22

Hindsight bias

Answer 22

“I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon. Predict the past. Rationalizing results

Question 23

Overconfidence error

Answer 23

people are more confident than they are accurate

Question 24

Perceiving order in random events

Answer 24

eagerness to make sense, prone to receive patterns, wrong idea of what random looks like.

Question 25

Curious

Answer 25

always asking new questions

Question 26

Skeptical

Answer 26

not accepting “fact” as true without challenging it. Attempts to disprove.

Question 27

Humble

Answer 27

seeking the truth rather than trying to be right

Question 28

Critical thinking

Answer 28

examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Question 29

Theory

Answer 29

explains with principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events.

Question 30

Hypotheses

Answer 30

testable predictions consistent with theory.

Question 31

Operational definitions

Answer 31

a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

Question 32

Case study

Answer 32

analyses of special individuals

Question 33

Naturalistic observation

Answer 33

watching and recording the natural behavior of many individuals without manipulating or controlling the situation.

Question 34

Surveys/Interviews

Answer 34

asking people questions, self-report

Question 35

randomly sampled

Answer 35

technique for making sure every individual in a population has an equal chance of being in sampled

Question 36

Correlation

Answer 36

one trait or behavior is related to another

Question 37

Correlation coefficient

Answer 37

statistical measure of how closely the two traits are related to each other.

Question 38

Scatterplots

Answer 38

helps reveal how strongly the two things are related. Correlation positive if rise and fall together.

Question 39

Control group

Answer 39

the group that is not exposed to the treatment in an experiment

Question 40

Independent variables

Answer 40

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Question 41

Dependent variables

Answer 41

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Question 42

Placebo effect

Answer 42

experimental results caused by expectations alone

Question 43

Heritability

Answer 43

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

Question 44

Gene-environment interaction

Answer 44

we adapt to our environment (being treated warmly->extroverted) people respond differently

Question 45

Cultural norms

Answer 45

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior (“proper”)

Question 46

Individualism

Answer 46

giving priorities to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Question 47

Collectivism

Answer 47

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining identity accordingly.