Exam #4 Vocab

Question 1

resistance mutation

Answer 1

random gene change produces a gene causing resistance

Question 2

natural selection

Answer 2

when the antibiotic is present (environment) bacteria with the resistance gene (genetic differences) survive and reproduce (difference in reproduction)

Question 3

trade-off

Answer 3

when the antibiotic is absent (environment) bacteria with the resistance gene (genetic differences) reproduce more slowly than the susceptible bacteria (differences in reproduction)

Question 4

penicillin

Answer 4

kills gram-positive bacteria by damaging peptidoglycan in the gram-positive and cell wall

Question 5

penicillin-resistant bacteria

Answer 5

produce a protein that cuts penicillin molecules in half before they damage the cell wall

Question 6

KPC gene

Answer 6

gives resistance to multiple antibiotics

Question 7

virulence

Answer 7

the degree of damage caused by a pathogen to its host

Question 8

physiology

Answer 8

study of internal organismic functioning, especially the physical and chemical aspects of function

Question 9

homeostasis

Answer 9

maintenance of stable internal conditions

Question 10

set “point”

Answer 10

the usually maintained homeostatic conditions

Question 11

negative feedback

Answer 11

a “sensor” triggers a response by a physiological system that returns the conditions to the set point

Question 12

positive feedback

Answer 12

a “sensor” triggers a response by a increase the deviation from the set point (amplifies until end point)

Question 13

hematocrit

Answer 13

erythrocyte blood volume (percentage of blood)

Question 14

anemia

Answer 14

low hematocrit

Question 15

hypoglycemia

Answer 15

low blood sugar; brief hypoglycemia is normal after not eating for a while

Question 16

hyperglycemia

Answer 16

high blood sugar; brief hyperglycemia is normal after carbohydrate consumption

Question 17

clinical hypoglycemia

Answer 17

pancreas cells “over-react” to high glucose, secrete too much insulin then the liver stores too much glucose causing hypoglycemia

Question 18

type 1 diabetes

Answer 18

insulin-producing pancreas cells are killed (usually during childhood), thus no insulin; cannot “direct” liver to store glucose or direct other cells to absorb and use glucose (hyperglycemic but cells starve)

Question 19

type 2 diabetes

Answer 19

liver cells have a reduced sensitivity to insulin; the liver does not respond well to insulin; this leaves blood glucose high (genetic predisposition, age, smoking, or being overweight make it more likely)

Question 20

compensation

Answer 20

when the carbonate buffer system and body systems keep blood PH near 7.4

Question 21

acidosis/ acidemia

Answer 21

blood ph <7.35; affects brain and muscles (twitching and confusion, eventually results in coma and death)

Question 22

respiratory acidosis/ acidemia

Answer 22

too much CO2 in blood (usually due to lung malfunction-can’t release CO2)

Question 23

metabolic acidosis/ acidemia

Answer 23

add or retain H+ (poisoning- add H+, diabetic acidosis- add H+, or kidney malfunction- can’t release H+)