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Biology 1: Organismic > Exam #3 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam #3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

biological evolution

A

change in the intrinsic qualities of life over time

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2
Q

microevolution

A

change in genetics of population

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3
Q

macroevolution

A

specification and change among species

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4
Q

mutation

A

random change in DNA; random source of new variations

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5
Q

gene flow

A

movement of individuals (alleles) among populations, redistributes variations

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6
Q

non-random mating

A

breeding non-randomly; includes outbreeding or inbreeding

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7
Q

genetic drift

A

randomly reduces variations due to inheritance or catastrophe (more in small populations)

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8
Q

natural selection

A

genetic differences in the environment cause individual reproductive differences

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9
Q

adaptation

A

characteristic or combination of characteristics present in same or all members of a population due to natural selection

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10
Q

artificial selection

A

natural selection due to human choice

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11
Q

sexual selection

A

natural selection due to mate choice

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12
Q

adaptive trade-off

A

inherited characteristics improve reproduction in one environment, but reduces it another

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13
Q

fitness

A

relative contribution of an individual to the next generation

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14
Q

genotype

A

an organism’s alleles same 2 alleles (homozygotes)

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15
Q

heterozygote

A

2 different alleles

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16
Q

phenotype

A

an organism’s characteristic

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17
Q

genotype frequency

A

the percent of individuals in a population with a genotype

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18
Q

allele frequency

A

the percent of a single allele among all alleles for a single gene in a population

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19
Q

hardy-Weinberg theorem

A

the equation that predicts genotypes in a population when it is not evolving

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20
Q

phylogeny

A

depicts shared evolutionary ancestry among species

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21
Q

monophyletic group

A

an ancestor and all of its descendants or everything an ancestor becomes

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22
Q

derived trait

A

newly evolved characteristic: evidence of shared ancestry

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23
Q

ancestral trait

A

the trait that changed to a derived trait; not evidence of ancestry

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24
Q

outgroup

A

species outside the group studied; assumed the trait in the outgroup is ancestral

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25
Q

classification

A

inclusive hierarchy

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26
Q

species

A

an evolutionary lineage separate from other lineages

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27
Q

speciation

A

formation of new species; reproductive isolation splits an ancestral species

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28
Q

allopatric speciation

A

geographic separation

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29
Q

sympatric speciation

A

groups in the same geographic area reproductively separate

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30
Q

coccus

A

spherical

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31
Q

baillus

A

rod shaped

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32
Q

helical

A

curved or twisted

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33
Q

diplo

A

in twos

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34
Q

staphylo

A

in clumps

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35
Q

strepto

A

in chains

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36
Q

filament

A

very long chain 1 cell think

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37
Q

gram-positive

A

cell walls simpler; much peptidoglycan (stains purple)

38
Q

gram-negative

A

cell walls complex; less peptidoglycan and includes an outer membrane (stains pink)

39
Q

virus

A

intracellular parasite or parasitoid; made of genes and a capsid made of protein

40
Q

binary fission

A

cell division in prokaryotes (not mitosis)

41
Q

endospores

A

resistant cells made inside existing cells to survive poor conditions not reproduction

42
Q

conjugation

A

transfer of genes between bacteria

43
Q

transformation

A

“loose” DNA taken from the environment under adverse conditions

44
Q

pathogen

A

disease (symptom) causing organism

45
Q

pathogentic

A

causes disease

46
Q

virulence

A

degree of damage done to the host

47
Q

virulent

A

causes damage to the host

48
Q

opportunist

A

organism that is pathogenic under some conditions

49
Q

antibiotics

A

kill or stop bacterial repoduction

50
Q

immunization

A

injects parts of bacteria or viruses to “train” the immune system to destroy the pathogen

51
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

gram-positive and coccus; can cause skin, wound, blood, and other infections (staph infection)

52
Q

clostridium difficile

A

gram-positive and bacillus; causes serious colitis when not with other colon bacteria (forms endospores)

53
Q

HIV

A

enveloped RNA viruses; infects T-cells

54
Q

SARS-COV2

A

enveloped RNA virus; infects respiaratory cells

55
Q

corynebacterium diphtheria

A

inhabits nasal lining cells and produce severely damaging toxin

56
Q

haploid (1N)

A

cell with only one copy (allele) for every gene

57
Q

diploid (2N)

A

cell with 2 copies (alleles) for every gene

58
Q

mitosis

A

more of the same cells (one 2n cell=two 2n cells)

59
Q

meiosis

A

one 2n cell=four 1n cells

60
Q

fertilization

A

two 1n cells=one 2n cell

61
Q

trichophyton speciation

A

hyphal fungi; infect ria spores; skin infection (jock itch, athletes foot, and ringworm)

62
Q

Candida albicans

A

a unicellular or hyphal yeast; can cause oral, genital, and systemic infections

63
Q

animal development

A

zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula

64
Q

platyhelminth

A

suckers at front and reproductive segments; absorbs digested food in the intestine; host eats egg or larva

65
Q

nematode

A

feeds on blood from wall of intestine; larvae burrow into skin from moist soil (eggs exit in feces)

66
Q

nematode

A

eats connective tissue; “erupt” when mature; larvae in water flea consumed

67
Q

infection

A

pathogen colonizes (organism present) ends when host dies or immune system clears

68
Q

infectious

A

person can cause other infections

69
Q

disease

A

impairment of function (symptoms present) ends with return of normal function returns

70
Q

acute

A

short-term peiod

71
Q

chronic

A

long-term period

72
Q

incubation

A

after infection before disease

73
Q

communicability

A

ability of an organism to cause new infections

74
Q

vector transmission

A

another species needed to transmit to new hosts

75
Q

asymptomatic carrier

A

can spread organism to new hosts but no disease

76
Q

latent period

A

individuals are infected but lack symptoms (no disease) and cannot cause infection of new hosts

77
Q

reproduction

A

makes more; obtain nutrients and reproduce

78
Q

immune evasion

A

don’t die: avoid the host immune system

79
Q

direct transmission

A

direct contact (skin-to-skin, sexual) or immediate contact with released droplets (sneeze, cough, talking)

80
Q

airborne transmission

A

droplets remain suspended in air

81
Q

vehicle transmission

A

organisms transferred by another organsim

82
Q

epidemiology

A

field of biology that studies the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease

83
Q

epidemic

A

widespread disease in a community at a particular time

84
Q

pandemic

A

widespread disease in many countries or worldwide at a particular time

85
Q

outbreak

A

sudden or initial spread of disease in a community at a particular time

86
Q

endemic

A

the constant presence of a disease or infection at a similar level in a geographic area

87
Q

sporadic

A

infrequent or irregular presence of a disease or infection

88
Q

human microbiome

A

all microorganisms typically on and in the human body

89
Q

climax community

A

the final community in ecological succession that will remain as long as no disturbance occurs

90
Q

superinfection

A

infection with another organism or strain after

91
Q

reinfection

A

infection with the same organisms or strain of organism again after it was previously eliminated

92
Q

coinfection

A

infection with 2 different organisms or strains of organisms at approximately the same time

Biology 1: Organismic (4 decks)

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