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Biology 1: Organismic > Exam #3 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam #3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

biological evolution

A

change in the intrinsic qualities of life over time

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2
Q

microevolution

A

change in genetics of population

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3
Q

macroevolution

A

specification and change among species

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4
Q

mutation

A

random change in DNA; random source of new variations

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5
Q

gene flow

A

movement of individuals (alleles) among populations, redistributes variations

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6
Q

non-random mating

A

breeding non-randomly; includes outbreeding or inbreeding

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7
Q

genetic drift

A

randomly reduces variations due to inheritance or catastrophe (more in small populations)

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8
Q

natural selection

A

genetic differences in the environment cause individual reproductive differences

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9
Q

adaptation

A

characteristic or combination of characteristics present in same or all members of a population due to natural selection

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10
Q

artificial selection

A

natural selection due to human choice

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11
Q

sexual selection

A

natural selection due to mate choice

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12
Q

adaptive trade-off

A

inherited characteristics improve reproduction in one environment, but reduces it another

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13
Q

fitness

A

relative contribution of an individual to the next generation

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14
Q

genotype

A

an organism’s alleles same 2 alleles (homozygotes)

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15
Q

heterozygote

A

2 different alleles

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16
Q

phenotype

A

an organism’s characteristic

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17
Q

genotype frequency

A

the percent of individuals in a population with a genotype

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18
Q

allele frequency

A

the percent of a single allele among all alleles for a single gene in a population

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19
Q

hardy-Weinberg theorem

A

the equation that predicts genotypes in a population when it is not evolving

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20
Q

phylogeny

A

depicts shared evolutionary ancestry among species

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21
Q

monophyletic group

A

an ancestor and all of its descendants or everything an ancestor becomes

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22
Q

derived trait

A

newly evolved characteristic: evidence of shared ancestry

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23
Q

ancestral trait

A

the trait that changed to a derived trait; not evidence of ancestry

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24
Q

outgroup

A

species outside the group studied; assumed the trait in the outgroup is ancestral

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25
classification
inclusive hierarchy
26
species
an evolutionary lineage separate from other lineages
27
speciation
formation of new species; reproductive isolation splits an ancestral species
28
allopatric speciation
geographic separation
29
sympatric speciation
groups in the same geographic area reproductively separate
30
coccus
spherical
31
baillus
rod shaped
32
helical
curved or twisted
33
diplo
in twos
34
staphylo
in clumps
35
strepto
in chains
36
filament
very long chain 1 cell think
37
gram-positive
cell walls simpler; much peptidoglycan (stains purple)
38
gram-negative
cell walls complex; less peptidoglycan and includes an outer membrane (stains pink)
39
virus
intracellular parasite or parasitoid; made of genes and a capsid made of protein
40
binary fission
cell division in prokaryotes (not mitosis)
41
endospores
resistant cells made inside existing cells to survive poor conditions not reproduction
42
conjugation
transfer of genes between bacteria
43
transformation
"loose" DNA taken from the environment under adverse conditions
44
pathogen
disease (symptom) causing organism
45
pathogentic
causes disease
46
virulence
degree of damage done to the host
47
virulent
causes damage to the host
48
opportunist
organism that is pathogenic under some conditions
49
antibiotics
kill or stop bacterial repoduction
50
immunization
injects parts of bacteria or viruses to "train" the immune system to destroy the pathogen
51
staphylococcus aureus
gram-positive and coccus; can cause skin, wound, blood, and other infections (staph infection)
52
clostridium difficile
gram-positive and bacillus; causes serious colitis when not with other colon bacteria (forms endospores)
53
HIV
enveloped RNA viruses; infects T-cells
54
SARS-COV2
enveloped RNA virus; infects respiaratory cells
55
corynebacterium diphtheria
inhabits nasal lining cells and produce severely damaging toxin
56
haploid (1N)
cell with only one copy (allele) for every gene
57
diploid (2N)
cell with 2 copies (alleles) for every gene
58
mitosis
more of the same cells (one 2n cell=two 2n cells)
59
meiosis
one 2n cell=four 1n cells
60
fertilization
two 1n cells=one 2n cell
61
trichophyton speciation
hyphal fungi; infect ria spores; skin infection (jock itch, athletes foot, and ringworm)
62
Candida albicans
a unicellular or hyphal yeast; can cause oral, genital, and systemic infections
63
animal development
zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula
64
platyhelminth
suckers at front and reproductive segments; absorbs digested food in the intestine; host eats egg or larva
65
nematode
feeds on blood from wall of intestine; larvae burrow into skin from moist soil (eggs exit in feces)
66
nematode
eats connective tissue; "erupt" when mature; larvae in water flea consumed
67
infection
pathogen colonizes (organism present) ends when host dies or immune system clears
68
infectious
person can cause other infections
69
disease
impairment of function (symptoms present) ends with return of normal function returns
70
acute
short-term peiod
71
chronic
long-term period
72
incubation
after infection before disease
73
communicability
ability of an organism to cause new infections
74
vector transmission
another species needed to transmit to new hosts
75
asymptomatic carrier
can spread organism to new hosts but no disease
76
latent period
individuals are infected but lack symptoms (no disease) and cannot cause infection of new hosts
77
reproduction
makes more; obtain nutrients and reproduce
78
immune evasion
don't die: avoid the host immune system
79
direct transmission
direct contact (skin-to-skin, sexual) or immediate contact with released droplets (sneeze, cough, talking)
80
airborne transmission
droplets remain suspended in air
81
vehicle transmission
organisms transferred by another organsim
82
epidemiology
field of biology that studies the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease
83
epidemic
widespread disease in a community at a particular time
84
pandemic
widespread disease in many countries or worldwide at a particular time
85
outbreak
sudden or initial spread of disease in a community at a particular time
86
endemic
the constant presence of a disease or infection at a similar level in a geographic area
87
sporadic
infrequent or irregular presence of a disease or infection
88
human microbiome
all microorganisms typically on and in the human body
89
climax community
the final community in ecological succession that will remain as long as no disturbance occurs
90
superinfection
infection with another organism or strain after
91
reinfection
infection with the same organisms or strain of organism again after it was previously eliminated
92
coinfection
infection with 2 different organisms or strains of organisms at approximately the same time

Biology 1: Organismic (4 decks)

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