Exam 4 - Types of Cancers Flashcards
malignancy of the oral mucosa
may occur on the lips, tongue, floor of mouth
oral cancer
oral cancer risk factors
smoking
drinking
alcohol
chewing tobacco
marijuana
occupational exposure
viruses (HPV)
early s/sx of oral cancer
painless ulcerations
leukoplakia (white patches)
erythroplakia (red patches)
late s/s of oral cancer
impaired speaking, swallow, chewing
swollen lymph nodes
blood-tinged sputum
trimus (difficulty moving the jaw)
malignant neoplasm of the esophagus
esophageal cancer
esophageal cancer causes
GERD
tobacco
alcohol (excessive use)
obesity
oral hygiene
nitrates
Barrett’s esophagus (chronic inflammation)
achalasia (slow emptying)
esophageal cancer s/sx
late onset
progressive dysphagia
substernal, epigastric, back pain
weight loss
regurgitation of blood-flecked contents
s/sx of esophageal cancer is in the upper 1/3
sore throat
choking
hoarseness
hemorrhage
races with the highest incidence of stomach cancer
Hispanics
African Americans
Asian Americans
stomach cancer risk factors
H. pylori
genetics
chronic gastritis
gastric polyps
pernicious anemia
achlorhydria (lack of HCl)
smoked foods nitrates
where is stomach cancer most commonly found
distal portion of the stomach
stomach cancer mets usually goes to the ___
liver
stomach cancer s/sx
satiety (early fullness)
anorexia
indigestion
vomiting
unrelieved ulcer-like pain
late s/sx of stomach cancer
weight loss
cachectic
palpable mass
GI bleed
rapid movement of hypertonic chyme into small intestines
dumping syndrome
dumping syndrome s/sx
occurs within 15 minutes of eating
weakness
dizziness
diaphoresis
epigastric fullness
tachycardia
abdominal cramping
self-limiting
dumping syndrome education
no fluids with meals
low carb
small meals with protein + fats
colorectal cancer risk factors
family hx - 1st degree relative with CRC and IBD
lynch syndrome
smoking
alcohol
high beef, low fat diet
low fiber intake
factors that reduce risk of CRC
exercise
diet high in fruit, veggies, and grains
long term use of NSAIDs
colorectal cancer s/sx
rectal bleeding (most common)
alt. C/D
sensation of incomplete evacuation
obstruction
change in stools (narrow, ribbon like)
L sided colorectal cancer is associated with ___
obstruction
R sided colorectal cancer is associated with ___ ___ and ___
bloody stool; diarrhea
anal cancer is associated with ___
HPV
anal cancer risk factors
HPV
anal sex
smokers
cervical, vulver cancer
immune compromised
anal cancer s/sx
rectal bleeding
sensation of a mass
pain
can be no s/sx at all
pancreatic cancer risk factors
smoking
environmental chemicals/toxins
high fat diet
DM
chronic pancreatitis
> 60 y/o
pancreatic cancer s/sx
pain*
jaundice*
weight loss*
vague upper abdominal, lower back pain
early mets
ascites
insulin deficiency
abdominal pain aggravated by meals
*classic signs
renal cell cancer is associated with ___ and ___ ___
smoking; bladder cancer
renal cell cancer risk factors
acquired cystic disease
HTN
tobacco
African American men
50-70 y/o
renal cell cancer s/sx
no s/sx initially
flank pain
hematuria
mass in flank or abdomen
main risk factor for bladder cancer
smoking
bladder cancer risk factors
women
60-70 y/o
transitional cell carcinoma
environmental
recurrent UTI, calculi
long-term cath
bladder cancer s/sx
hematuria
dysuria
frequency
urgency
pelvic and back pain for bladder cancer indicates ___
mets
lung cancer is common found in which lobes
upper
2 non-small cell lung cancer types
squamous
adenocarinoma
large cell undiff
most aggressive form of lung cancer
small cell lung cancer
lung cancer s/sx
silent until late
productive cough
change in cough
dyspnea, chest pain
hemoptysis
slow development of persistent PNA
arm, shoulder pain
hoariness, local wheezing
superior vena cava syndrome
clubbing
enlarged lymphnodes
pain
loss of appetite
N/V
weakness
myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of ___ disorders
hematologic disoders
s/sx of myelodysplastic syndrome
infection
bleeding
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia
anemia
unrestrained growth of WBC replacing normal bone marrow elements
stem cells become malignant
leukemia
2 types of ACUTE leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
affects IMMATURE cells
2 types of CHRONIC leukemia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
affects MATURE cells
AML characteristics
uncontrolled proliferation of myeloblasts
precursors of eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils
hyperplasia: bone marrow, spleen
AML survival rate
1 year
acute lymphocytic leukemia is consider a ___ ____
childhood disease
median age is 15
s/sx of ALL
abrupt fever, bleeding, weakness, fatigue, joint pain
mean age for CML
67
survival rate for CML
3-4 years
s/sx of CML
none early
fatigue
weakness
fever
spenomegaly
joint pain
CLL average survival rate
7 years
CLL is more common in ___ with an average age of ___
men; 71
CLL s/sx
asymptomatic
chronic fatigue, mild anemia, lymphadenopathu
leukemia s/sx as a whole
fatigue, malaise
pallor
bone, joint, abdominal, sternal pain
fever, nigh sweats
weight loss, anorexia
infection
petechiae
nose bleeds, hemorrhages
enlarged spleen, liver
cancers originating in the bone marrow and lymphatic structures
lymphoma
2 categories of lymphoma
Hodgkin’s
Non-Hodgkin’s
Hodgkin’s risk factors
Epstein-Barr
genetics
exposure to toxins
Hodgkin’s is identified by while cells
Reed-Sternberg
Hodgkin’s s/sx
painless lymphnode enlargement
pressure
fatigue
itching
weight loss
pain with alcohol consumption
slight fever w/o infection
spleen, liver enlarged
progressive anemia
night sweats
weight loss
Hodgkins stage 1
single node, contiguous structures
Hodgkins stage 2
> 1 node, unilateral of diaphragm
Hodgkin’s stage 3
above + below diaphragm
Hodgkin’s stage 4
disseminated diffusely
s/sx of non-Hodgkin’s
swollen, painless lymphnodes (neck, armpits, groin)
unexplained weight loss
fever, itching
soaking night sweats
coughing; difficulty breathing, CP
weakness, tiredness that won’t go away
pain, swelling, feeling of fullness in abdomen
cancer of the epidermis
locally invades, potential mets
squamous cell carincoma
cancer of basal layer of epidermis
damage underlying tissue, progresses to vital structures; usually not mets
basal cell carinoma
originates in melanin producing cells of epidermis
highly metastatic
malignant melanoma
skin cancer risk factors
UV light over long period of time
chronic skin irritation
fair complexion
several moles
family hx of unusual moles
family, personal hx of melanoma
3 types of bx
shave
punch
excision
ABCD of Melanoma
asymmetry
Borders
Color
Diameter (> 6mm)
