Exam 4 - Cancer Flashcards
cancer is the ___ and ___ growth of cells
uncontrolled; unregulated
this results when normal cells mutate into abnormal, deviant cells that multiply and spread
cancer
study of cancer is called
oncology
3 potential patient goals r/t cancer
curative
control
pallative
curative care
no microscopic evidence of cancer in the body
remission
control care
treatment, retreatment
reduce s/sx
reduce burden of disease
increase quality of ife
palliative care
increase quality of life until death
frequent cancer locations in male
prostate
lung
colon/rectal
frequent cancer locations in females
breast
lung
colon/rectal
proliferation is ___ ___
cell growth
differentiation is the cycle of ___ ___
cell maturity
specialized cells are for what?
a specific area (GI, bone marrow, etc)
this is part of normal proliferation
what is contact inhibition
cells do not touch each other
benign growths are ___ where as malignancy will ___
encapsulated; spread
___ is a mass of new tissue that grows independently of its surrounding structures; no physiologic purpose
neoplasm (tumor)
what are the 2 neoplasm/tumor types
benign
malignant
benign neoplasm characteristics
localized, solid mass
well defined borders
easily removed
usually do not reoccur
slow growing
malignant neoplasm characteristics
grow, double aggressive
irregular shape
can reoccur
travel to form secondary tumor(s) (metastasis)
apoptosis is ___ ___
cell death
T or F. cancer cells are able to avoid death
true
what are the 2 major defects of cell mutation that result in cancer
defective cellular proliferation (growth) and differentiation (maturity)
grading the differentiation (maturity) of cancer
histological grading
increase in the number of density of normal cells
hyperplasia
adaptation of a cell d/t a stressor in the environment; normal for its type but has developed in an abnormal location; it is a protective manner and is reversible when stressor ceases
metaplasia
loss of DNA control over differentiation occurring in response to adverse condition
dysplasia
regression of a cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type; not under DNA control
anaplasia
3 steps to cancer development
initiation
promotion
progression
initiation stage of cancer development
IRREVERSIBLE
mutation in cells genetic structure
avoids apoptosis
exposure to carcinogenic
DNA mutate
change and stays changed
examples of carcinogenics
chemical
radiation
viral/infections: HSV, mono, hepatitis, Epstein barre, HIV
genetics
tobacco
inherited mutation
hormones
immune conditions
mutations that occur from metabolism
promotion stage in cancer development
REVERSIBLE
can last 1-40 years
depends on level of exposure to carcinogens
progression stage of cancer development
NONREVERSIBLE
increased growth
cells not act as malignant cells
being to break off, travel, create own blood supply (mets)
body actively stops trying to kill the cell
how large must a mass be to be detectable
1cm = 1 billion cells
common site for mets
brain*
lung*
bone*
liver*
lymph nodes
*first sites affected
cancer risk factors
infections
genetics/heredity
age (80% occur after 55)
gender
socioeconomics (prevalent in lower)
stress (< 6-8 hours sleep/night)
diet: high fat, low fiber
occupation
tobacco (decrease risk if quit before middle age)
alcohol use
obesity (esp. BMI >30)
sun exposure
recreational drug use (marijuana worse than tobacco)
what are the 4 tumor associated antigens (TAAs)
cytotoxic t cells
NK (natural killer) cells
monocyte and macrophages
B lymphocytes
what is the role of TAAs
immune cells responsible for seeking and destroying cancer cells in the body
what are TAAs located
on the cell surface
CA -125 is produced by ___ cancer cells
ovarian
PSA is produced by ___ cancer cells
prostate
CEA is produced by ___ cancer
GI
AFP is produced by malignant ___ cells
liver
first choice testing for Dx cancer
MRI
PET scan looks for ___
mets
tumor classification is the ___ of the tumor
name
tumor classification is by ___ site
anatomic site
6 anatomic sites
carcinomas
sarcomas
adenocarcinoma
leukemias
lymphomas
multiple myeloma
where do carcinomas arise from?
ectoderm
endoderm
where do sarcomas arise from?
mesoderm
where do adenocarcinomas arise from?
grandular tissue
where does leukemias arise from?
blood-forming cells
where does lymphoma arise from?
lymph tissue
where does multiple myeloma arise from?
plasma cells, effects the bones
grading grades the ___ of the tumor
aggressiveness
How many tumor grades are there?
4
grade 1
cells slight different
mild dysplasia; LEAST malignant
grade 2
more abnormal
moderate dysplasia
grade 3
clearly abnormal
severe dysplasia
grade 4
anaplastic (immature) and undifferentiated
cell origin is difficult to determine
staging is the ___ within the body
spread
what is TNM of staging
T umor size, depth, surface spread
N odes involvement (present or absent)
M ets (present or absent)
staging ranges from __ to __
0-4
stage 0
carcinoma in-situ
early form
stage 1
localized
stage 2
early locally advanced
stage 3
late locally advanced
stage 4
mets
different tumor classifications
T0
T-IS
T1, T2, T3, T4