Exam 4 Stuffs

Question 1

Receptive Field

Answer 1

the area served by that neuron; some areas in the body have a higher density of recepters

Question 2

Two Point Discrimination Test

Answer 2

used to dtermine a cude map of the density of tactile receptors ; areas that have the greatest density of tactile recptors have a heightened ability to “feel”— these areas correspond to areas that receive the greatest motor innervation; thus they are tpyically areas of fine motor control

Question 3

What do you do in the Two point Discrimination Test?

Answer 3

use calipers and start with them together and then slowly adjust them out and measure when the person says they can feel two discriminate points; the smallest distance at which two points of contact can be felt is the two point threshold

Question 4

What area has the smallest two-point threshold?

Answer 4

fingertip

Question 5

LIGHT travels through…

Answer 5

ganglion–> bipolar neurons–> photorecpters

Question 6

NERVE IMPULSE travels…

Answer 6

photoreceptors–> bipolar neurons—> ganglion—> optic nerve—> etc

Question 7

If the left optic nerve is damaged…

Answer 7

vision is lost only in the left eye

Question 8

If the right optic nerve is damaged…

Answer 8

vision is lost only in the right eye

Question 9

If the optic chiasma is damaged…

Answer 9

the outer part of the visual field in both eyes is lost

Question 10

If the visual pathway from the left optic track to the left primary visual cortex is damaged…

Answer 10

vision is lost in the right visual fields of both eyes

Question 11

If the visual pathway from the right optic track to the right primary visual cortex is damaged…

Answer 11

vision is lost in the left visual fields of both eyes

Question 12

Demonstrating the Blind Spot Test

Answer 12

the blind spot is the site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball; you use the paper with the X and O and slowly move it toward you while covering one eye and at somepoint the dot will dissappear and this is your blind spot

Question 13

Accomodation

Answer 13

the ability of the eye to focus differentially for object of close vision (less than 6m or 20 ft)

Question 14

Emmetropic Eye

Answer 14

normal

Question 15

Myopic Eye

Answer 15

nearsighted; eyeball too long

Question 16

Hyperopic Eye

Answer 16

farsighted; eyeball too short

Question 17

Presbyopia

Answer 17

the elasticity of the lens decreases dramatically with age, resulting in difficulty in forcusing for near or close vision, especially when reading

Question 18

Near Point Vision Test

Answer 18

test lens elasticity; near point vision is about 10cm from the eye in young adults, closer in children, and farther in old age; use a staright pin and bring it closer to you until it becomes distorted and measure

Question 19

Visual Acuity Test

Answer 19

or sharpness of vision; is generally tested with a Snellen eye chart (the one with the letters); have someone stand in front of the chart 6m (or 20ft) away and read the lines and check for accuracy and test twice if they have glasses

Question 20

20/20 Vision means…

Answer 20

persons vision for that eye is normal

Question 21

20/40 vision means…

Answer 21

or any ratio less than one (basically a bigger number on bottom) they have less than normal visual acuity; they are myopic

Question 22

20/15 vision means…

Answer 22

their vision is better than normal bc they can stand at 6m (20 ft) from the chart and read the letters that are discernible by the normal eye at only 15 ft; if bottom number is less than 20 their vision is better than normal

Question 23

Astigmatism Test

Answer 23

tests for unequal curvatures of the lens and/or cornea; if all the radiating lines appear equally dark and distinct there is no distortion of the refracting surface; if some lines are blurred or appear less dark than others, at least some degree of astigmatism is present C

Question 24

Color Blindness Tests

Answer 24

tests for deficiencies in the color photoreceptors (the cones); cones are either red, blue, or green absorbing; you look at the little cards and if you can not read the numbers or have difficulty colorblindness may be present

Question 25

Testing for Depth Perception

Answer 25

demonstrates that there is a slightly different view seen by each eye; ADDDDDD

Question 26

Intrinsic Muscles

Answer 26

controlled by the autonomic nervous system; ciliary body (which alters the lends curvature in focusing) and the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles of the iris (which controls pupil size and thus regulate the amount of light entering the eye)

Question 27

Pupillary Light Reflex

Answer 27

sudden illumination of the retina by a bright light causes the pupil to constrict reflexively in direct proportion to light intensity; this protective response prevents damage to the delicate photoreceptor cells

Question 28

Accommodation Pupillary Reflex

Answer 28

have someone gaze off at something away from them and then hold some printed material in front of them and have them direct their focus on to it; results are lens thiceking, pupillary constriction, and inward rotation of the eyes (eye convergence)

Question 29

Convergence Reflex

Answer 29

do the same thing as the accommodation reflex but use a pen instead of printed material; results in the eyes moving inward

Question 30

ADD EYE TERMS

Question 31

Sound Localization Test

Answer 31

holding a timer/ticking sound around the persons head and determine at which point they hear it best; the sound is less easily heard at the back

Question 32

What tuning fork is heard the least well?

Answer 32

the smallest/highest frequency (4096 Hz)

Question 33

Weber Test

Answer 33

determines conduction of sensorineural deafness; evaluates whether the sound remains centralized (normal) or lateralizes to one side; place a striked tuning fork medially on top of head; if heard eaqually on both sides it is normal; if hearing laterilizes to one side it is indictive of some degree of conduction or sensorineural deafness

Question 33

Rine Test

Answer 33

compare bone conduction and air conduction; strike tuning fork ad place it on mastoid process; when no longer heard move to ear; if they hear sound again (by air conduction) hearing is not impaired and the result is positive; repeat except start with air conduction first then move to mastoid process; if heard again (by bone coduction) there is some conduction deafness and the result is negative

Question 33

Conduction Deafness

Answer 33

occurs when soemthing prevents sound waves from reaching the fluids of the inner ear; such as compacted ear wax

Question 34

Nystagmus

Answer 34

the involuntary rolling of the eyes in any direction or the trailing of the eye slowly in one direction (slow phase) followed by their rapid movement in the opposite direction (rapid pahse); during rotation the slow drift of the eyes is related to the backflow of endolymph in the semicircular ducts and after rotation, abnormal other wise

Question 35

Vertigo

Answer 35

typically an accompinant of nystagmus; a sensation of dizziness and rotational movement when such movement is not occuring or has ceased

Question 36

Balance Tests

Answer 36

the ability to walk with balance and without dizziness, unless subject to rotational forces, indicates normal function of equilibrium apparatus

Question 37

Barany Test

Answer 37

induction of nystegmus and vertigo; evaluates the semicirular canals; if the semicircular canals are operating normally, the subject will experience a sensation that the stool is still rotating immediately after it has stopped and WILL demonstrate nystagmus; ADD

Question 38

Romberg Test

Answer 38

determines the intergrity of the dorsal white column of the spinal cord; having someone stand against a whiteboard and seeing how much they sway; they sway more with their eyes closed

Question 39

What happened when something was tasted with the nose closed?

Answer 39

unable to determine what the flavor is because taste is 80% determined by smell

Question 39

Vallate Papillae

Answer 39

taste papllae arranged in a V formation on the posterior surface of the tongue

Question 40

Foliate Papillae

Answer 40

in the side walls

Question 41

Fungiform Papillae

Answer 41

mushroom shaped; more numerious;