Exam 4 study materials Flashcards

Question

Minority nationalism: | What strategies of minority nationalism have been used in Western Europe

Answer 1

violence against the state & it's agents non-violent resistance political opposition parties

Answer 2

MARXIST - traditional Marxist approach NAIRN- nationalism and uneven development ANDERSON- Imagined Communities FLINT & TAYLOR -world system approach Nationalism as resistance Feminist Fourth world perspective

Answer 3

Modern theories of nationalism are critical perspectives that distanced themselves from the ideological doctrine of nationalism (nationalists theory of nationalism). MARXIST: Nationalism treated as being characteristic of a particular phase of capitalism- specifically the rise of the bourgeoisie in Europe in the 19th century. Once the bourgeoisie had consolidated its hold on the state the need for new national-isms would lessen. CRITIQUE: Unable to explain new national-isms in Europe in the second half of the 20th century

Answer 4

Modern theories of nationalism are critical perspectives that distanced themselves from the ideological doctrine of nationalism (nationalists theory of nationalism). NAIRN: Nationalism and uneven development (1977). Nationalism is a compensatory reaction to uneven economic development (modernization). >>>Survival strategy of bourgeoisie in European semi-periphery to prevent further peripheralization - serves to close ranks in order to compete and catch up to the core >>>Unification nationalism in Germany and Italy >>>Spread of nationalism following uneven development, from Germany and Italy to Eastern Europe (separation nationalism) and outside Europe (liberation nationalism). Diffusion of nationalist ideology within societies in Europe according to Nairn: >>>PHASE A - small intelligentsia initially reacting to the French Revolution >>>PHASE B - diffusion through the middle classes between 1815 and 1848 >>>PHASE C- diffusion through the lower classes in the second half of the 19th century >>>OUTCOME: modern popular nationalism CRITIQUE: Euro-centrism bias

Answer 5

Modern theories of nationalism are critical perspectives that distanced themselves from the ideological doctrine of nationalism (nationalists theory of nationalism). ANDERSON: With the development of capitalism nation had replaced religion as the cultural system within which people could find identity >>>two reason for imagined communities becoming integrated by nationalist ideology instead of religious ideology: 1) development of PRINT TECHNOLOGY and 2) the existence of DIFFERENT LANGUAGES in Europe. Formation of separate language based print markets created a feeling of community in time and space THREE PHASES and TYPES of nationalism: 1. CREOLE-1770-1830 in America 2. POPULAR-1870-1920 in Europe 3. OFFICIAL -1920 to present

Answer 6

Modern theories of nationalism are critical perspectives that distanced themselves from the ideological doctrine of nationalism (nationalists theory of nationalism). Concentration of power centered on the state as nation-state in the past 100 years (nation and state have coalesced in a pooling of power potentials that has come to dominate our contemporary world). Both state and nation have a relation to a particular segment of space, a *place*. >>>State is a sovereign territory >>>Nationalism is a territorial ideology >>>All other institutions do not have a relation to a particular segment of space, a *place*. Thus states as nation-states have become our imaginary communities which define the space-time dimensions of the imagined community to which we all belong and provides it's citizens with their fundamental space-time identities.

Answer 7

Modern theories of nationalism are critical perspectives that distanced themselves from the ideological doctrine of nationalism (nationalists theory of nationalism). National struggle as class struggle BLAUT 1987 Three forms of this nationalism int he world today 1) original bourgeois variety but it is lessening in importance 2) Intensified bourgeois nationalism of large capitalist states 3) National liberation struggles of the periphery National struggle as an anti-systemic movement WALLERSTEIN 1984 >>>World systems analysis perspective >>>National struggle is part of the anti-systemic movements that originated in the ideas of the French Revolution and developed during the 19th century to challenge the system. The SOCIAL MOVEMENT grew to articulate the demands of exploited classes (especially in the urban proletariat). The NATIONAL MOVEMENT grew to articulate the demands of exploited peoples especially in the semi-periphery. Both social and national movement aimed to control state structures. These two movements were opposing one another before 1917 but this dichotomy became far less important after 1917 and they coalesced after 1945 when all liberation movements claimed to be both national and socialist.

Answer 8

Modern theories of nationalism are critical perspectives that distanced themselves from the ideological doctrine of nationalism (nationalists theory of nationalism). FEMINIST Perspective Emphasizes the differential role of women in constructing nations and nationalism and the belief that: >>>women's work should be to give birth to and raise subsequent generations of the nation >>>Men's work is to defend the nation The sexist nature of the Nation-state The relative exclusion of women from the public sphere of government and business operations

Answer 9

Modern theories of nationalism are critical perspectives that distanced themselves from the ideological doctrine of nationalism (nationalists theory of nationalism). >>>Early 1980s >>>Focus is on nations instead of states or regions >>>5k to 8k ancient but internationally unrecognized nations of the Fourth World occupied by 206 international states >>>demonstrates how all states attempt to erase histories and geographies of the peoples they occupy EXAMPLE: Rohingya in Myanmar >>>Theory of Fourth world environments

Answer 10

(Luke i am your...) FATHER of electoral geography

Answer 11

Geography of voting - Explaining the patterns of voting after an election or group of elections Geographic influences on voting - Four aspects can be explained: voting on issues, voting for candidates, effects of campaigns and the neighborhood effect Geography of representation - Influence the number of districts and their boundaries on the composition of the legislature independent of the actual total votes for candidates and/or parties

Answer 12

Goal: to link election results and long term voting patterns to geographic and socio economic factors to understand particular election results or voting behavior To address the failure to link geographies of elections into a coherent body of knowledge to address the focus on the electoral geography of the core while ignoring periphery and semi-periphery State based elections need to be placed within the structure of the world economy Attention needs to be given to the political geography of social movements (not only elections)

Answer 13

2 processes of modernization in modern Europe: >>>1) NATIONAL revolution (emanating from france) >>>2)INDUSTRIAL revolution (emanating from britain) Each produces two potential conflicts >>>national#1 subject versus dominant culture conflict >>>national#2 Church versus state conflict >>>industrial#1 agriculture versus industry conflict >>>industrial#2 capital versus labor conflict Each conflict has the potential to produce a social cleavage within any one country The particular mixtures of cleavages deriving from these conflicts are reflected in the variety of political party systems in Europe (the nation building group in each European state made alliances with oone side or other in these conflicts forcing the opposition to form a counter-alliance) NOT APPLICABLE OUTSIDE OF EUROPE (euro-centric!) (After 1900 the rise of the labor party produced a particular right center left cleavage represented by three political parties: Conservatives, Liberals, Labor The pattern of electoral geography still reflects these historical cleavages) Stresses the local context within which voting occurred to interpret the election results. Four basic processes that may lead to local influences on voting decisions: Candidate voting, issues voting, neighborhood effect and differential effects of election campaign in different areas.

Answer 14

friends & neighbors (candidate) effect neighborhood effect issues voting differential effect of campaigns in different areas

Answer 15

A candidate receives additional votes from his or her home area.

Answer 16

The tendency of a person to vote in a certain direction based on the relational effects of the people living in the neighborhood - people tend to vote with the general trend of the neighborhood

Answer 17

A particular topic in an election is of more importance to some areas than others.

Answer 18

Particular targeting as in presidential elections in the US when additional effort is put into key swing states and other states are ignored because of the assumption that they always vote a certain way

Answer 19

is an analysis of elections in plurality systems and proportional representation systems.

Answer 20

A plurality system is a winner take all system where a candidate is elected to the legislature on the basis of obtaining the most votes in a district. Used in the USA.

Answer 21

Used in the rest of the world. Parties receive seats in proportion to their share of popular votes - electoral districts are unimportant.

Answer 22

Plurality elections favor larger major parties with geographically extensive support. Proportional systems do not and tend to have many parties. Strongly discriminates against small parties with geographically dispersed support (USA third parties have historically been short lived). Proportional systems do not and small parties may end up represented in parliament and may even be part of the coalition that is in power. Often produce disparities between the total proportion of the popular votes received by a party and the size of the delegation it sends to a legislature. Proportional systems by definition do not have this problem.

Answer 23

Different electoral district boundaries (population size and shape of the district) produce different election results in terms of legislative seats even if he underlying pattern of voting remains the same

Answer 24

the inequality in the population size of districts

Answer 25

``` excess vote technique wasted vote technique stacked type innocent bipartisan districting bipartisan gerrymandering ```

Answer 26

Reapportionment of the 435 seats in the house of representatives after each census is mandated by the constitution and enforced by the courts. EXCESS VOTE Drawing the boundaries in such a way that one group is concentrated in the fewest possible districts which means they win overwhelmingly but their influence is not felt in other districts where they may have had a chance of winning

Answer 27

Reapportionment of the 435 seats in the house of representatives after each census is mandated by the constitution and enforced by the courts. WASTED VOTE The lines are drawn so as to break up a concentration of voters into a number of districts so that their votes are wasted through dispersion and they are unable to elect anyone.

Answer 28

Reapportionment of the 435 seats in the house of representatives after each census is mandated by the constitution and enforced by the courts. STACKED VOTES drawing curious shaped boundaries circumscribing grotesque shapes to enclose pockets of strength of the group in power to avoid areas of weakness. (to capture as many of that groups votes as possible to give them representation where they otherwise may have had none)

Answer 29

Non partisan districting does not necessarily eliminate districting problems and tends to favor the majority party in the area being redistricted so it's not neutral in effect

Answer 30

A neutral drawing of boundaries. A neutral body draws the boundaries not politicians Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa do it this way

Answer 31

Parties agree between them on the district boundaries. This is popular in the US Bipartisan GERRYMANDERING - produces sets of "safe" districts for each party but means that the influence of voters on the elections is diminished and it takes the uncertainty out of elections (THAT means that the only competitive election becomes the primaries so each candidate tries to prove they are a *real* >insert party name< . This leads to extreme stands on policy issues at home and an inability to accomplish anything in DC because of an unwillingness to compromise (compromise would allow their political primary opponents to claim that they are less than a real >insert party name

Answer 32

Input -->Throughput-->Output >>Input-geography of voting and geographical influences in voting >>Throughput - Geography of representation >>Output - Geographical effects of elections (geographical effects of the resulting legislature) >Electoral geography was preoccupied with the input >The massive neglect of the output was highlighted >Electoral geography was given a purpose and focus beyond the elections themselves

Answer 33

CRITIQUE: >>Three distinct areas of interest with little cross reference >>Not well integrated into the mainstream of political geography (an uncoordinated and isolated sub discipline of political geography)

Answer 34

It's built on the classic liberal assumptions of the 20th century core states >>>a receptive government respond to an electorate that articulates its demands through its representatives >>>Oversimplifies the reality - unable to explain a complete mismatch between input and output when it occurs Elections typical for the core countries but less for the periphery >>>other ways to produce changes in government (irregular executive transfers) which are typical for the periphery. A peripheral political process that is almost entirely missing from the core.

Answer 35

1975 Index to measure the degree of liberal democracy that measured: political competitiveness, political participation and public liberties Attempts to explain liberal democracy by examining GDP per capita and posits that: >>>Different levels of liberal democracy across the world result from economic core and peripheral processes >>>The core has overall higher level of liberal democracy than the periphery

Answer 36

Occurred in the 19th century in response to 3 questions: LIBERALS:CONSTITUTIONAL question-advocated the replacement of arbitrary power by constitutional checks and balances DEMOCRATS:POLITICAL question -argued that the people as a whole should exercise power in the new federal constitutions SOCIALISTS: SOCIAL question - asked who the new elected governments will deal with urban poverty The result was the social democratic state

Answer 37

Pluralist elections Universal suffrage Political freedoms

Answer 38

Welfare state Political consensus among all major parties that this welfare expenditure is both necessary and proper Paid for through progressive taxation

Answer 39

Emerged in the core during the fourth Kondratieff cycle | An alternative social progressive politics to communism during the emerging Cold War geopolitical world order

Answer 40

Political benefits of liberal and social democracy can never be wholly transferred to the periphery. The core has a stable geography of voting based on a viable politics of redistribution Non-core areas have unstable geographies of voting because of no viable politics of redistribution - the basic mechanism for maintaining party loyalty is missing.

Answer 41

The main purpose of political parties is to gain power to take control of a state apparatus and the great act of organization is simplification of choices of possible combinations of policies down to just a few (often just two) options. Political alternatives are reduced to the extreme limit of simplification by political parties it serves the needs of accumulation of capital in the hands of the few and the need to legitimize this accumulation Parties set the political agenda by organizing the politics of the state

Answer 42

Parties appeal for political support and to mobilize the population behind their politics parties bring the population into the political process in order to legitimize politics The power of parties is that voters can vote for or against a candidate but they can't change the party system

Answer 43

Party associated with the great acts of organization and mobilization. Originally organized only in parliament where they represented different special interests within the dominant class and did not constitute modern political parties Became proper parties only after they were forced to mobilize support in the country because of the suffrage extensions and competition from new parties Their organization is merely to find supporters and power continues to reside at the center. they are not responsive emphasis on external policies like trade emphasized organization

Answer 44

Mass parties were created outside parliament a very different type of political party compared to cadre party emphasized mobilization of voters and potential voters into their parties emphasis on internal policies like welfare the socialist parties populist parties and some christian parties were the most successful

Answer 45

Operates in every election it is about winning elections to promote policies favoring particular interests in the pursuit of capital accumulation (all governing parties must promote accumulation of some form) Geography of power in elections has been relatively neglected -lack of available data

Answer 46

Parties develop and nurture it in order to win elections A party cannot govern until it wins an election most of electoral geography has been concerned with the geography of support

Answer 47

Contradictory Disconnected Congruent

Answer 48

Based on relationship between politics of power and politics of support: An inverse relationship (HOBSON'S PARADOX) Parties do not pursue policies that reflect the interests of the people who support them

Answer 49

No relationship Typical for proportional representation system of voting The voting and the government formation are distinct processes with parties having to form a coalition government

Answer 50

A positive relationship Parties pursue policies that broadly reflect the intersets of the people who support them Typical for the core during the post 1945 period ``` Right wing parties: >>>policies that favor the upper middle class and base their support on that group ``` Left wing parties: >>>Policies that favor the lower middle end of the spectrum and base their support on this group

Answer 51

Qualitatively different political processes from elections in liberal democracies including frequent violence with traumatic and dangerous events. Inability to develop a congruent politics because of mass poverty there are not enough resources to sustain a viable politics of redistribution in order to produce and sustain a liberal social democratic state. This produces the politics of failure and instability in government

Answer 52

The belief that once countries develop democratic institutions, a robust civil society and a certain level of wealth their democracy is secure.

Answer 53

>>>Declining public support of democracy >>>Increasing public openness to nondemocratic forms of government like military rule >>>increasing support for anti-system parities and movements (political parties and other major players whose core message is that the current system is illegitimate)

Answer 54

1950 28% of countries were democratic 2008 60% of countries were democratic There are two types of processes leading to democracy: bottom up where the people demand it and top down where core governments impose conditions of multi-party democracy before dispensing economic aid

Answer 55

Spread of elections is not the same as the spread of democracy. Many elections that are held in poorer countries cannot be considered to be democracy and have led to an increase in political violence since 1960.

Answer 56

>>>Lie to electors through the control of media >>>Scapegoat a minority -establish a politics of hatred (us versus THEM) against the "OTHER" group/ minorities or foreigners >>>Bribery - a key advantage of autocrats but unreliable >>>Intimidation - risky since violence breeds violence >>>Restrict the field -accuse key opponents of corruption thereby eliminating the strongest challengers >>>Miscount the votes -reliable, unless internationals observers are present and effective

Answer 57

``` Proto Unification Separation Liberation Renewal ```

Answer 58

Early 19th century belief that every nation was distinct and separate with no reason for conflict between them

Answer 59

1. CREOLE-1770-1830 in America: Resulted in the creation of new American states by national independence struggles. Did not lead to mass movements but served to promote the interests of the local born European settler groups (Creoles) against imperial rule. It was not based on language but on physical separation and it lead to the creation of new American States. 2.POPULAR-1870-1920 in Europe: Languages became important in defining new communities -creating print languages. Pluralism was reduced by the development of the printing press in its creation of literary languages or print languages. Lead to the age of nationalism in the 19th century. 3.OFFICIAL -1920 to present: The state attempts to exploit the popularity of nationalism to increase it's own legitimacy and uses the system of national education to foster nationalist ideology. Forced language policies.

Answer 60

Politically necessary to anchor the multi-state system upon the principle of popular sovereignty National myths provide social cohesion and the basis of political action The nation is historically embedded by being the heir to pre-modern ethnic identity

Answer 61

All electoral politics occurs within the overall political processes of the world economy - national elections are not insulated from the world economy. Liberal democracy is concentrated in the core after 1945 >>The geography of democracy is not a function of will or ability of particular states >>Their situation within the core-periphery hierarchy of the capitalist world economy is crucial

Answer 62

More responsive than traditional cadre parties they make concerted appeals to the electorate beyond narrow party channels Not mass parties because they are not primarily concerned with moblizing voters to accept a special political cause provide the key step in synthesizing the needs of accumulation and legitimation pragmatic and avoid ideology EXAMPLES: Roosevelt's new deal was the first, in Europe transition happened after WWII