Exam 2 study materials Flashcards
1
Q
Formal imperialism is…
A
Domination by strong states (core) of weak states (periphery): POLITICAL control of periphery in ADDITION to economic exploitation.
2
Q
Informal imperialism is…
A
Domination by strong states (core) of weak states in (periphery): ECONOMIC exploitation of periphery by the core WITHOUT political control.
3
Q
Examples of formal imperialism…
A
Britain’s past political and economic control over parts of India, Canada, Australia, parts of Africa among others
France’s past political and economic control over Algeria, Tunisia, other parts of Africa, Caribbean islands, and parts of South America.
United States - US annexed Hawaii in 1897, Haiti became a US protectorate 1915, in 1916 the US bought the Virgin Islands from Denmark, and also in 1916 the US established a military government in the Dominican Republic.
4
Q
Examples of Russian territorial expansion-
A
16th century: Ivan the Terrible aka Ivan IV- Volga River
Basin and regions north of Moscow
1640: Cossacks reach the Pacific Ocean
1672-1725: acquired the land down to the Baltic Sea and St. Petersburg (which they made into a forward capital)
1760- 1796: Catherine the Great - expanded to the black sea, in 1784 settled Kodiak Island -N.America, and acquired the Caucasus
19th century: Annexed several Chinese provinces and in 1812 established Ft Ross in California
5
Q
Examples of Ottoman territorial expansion
A
The maximum extent stretched from Vienna to the Caspian Sea around the western end of the Mediterranean and down into Africa. It encompassed Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria.
6
Q
Examples of Chinese territorial expansion
A
Chinese expanded overland and included territories of non-Chinese people over time including areas like Mongolia, Tibet, and the Uygar/Turkic areas in the east.
7
Q
The three TYPES (or approaches) of imperialism are…
A
Economic, military and cultural
8
Q
Economic imperialism is…
A
Economic control by the stronger state and economic dependency of the weaker state (e.g. economic dependency of Central America on the U.S.)
9
Q
Military imperialism is…
A
The extension of a state’s sovereignty over territory that is either empty or is occupied by peoples of different cultures.
Military and political control (e.g. Russia’s eastward expansion, and the westward expansion of the U.S.)
10
Q
Cultural imperialism is…
A
The domination of one culture (core) over another (periphery).
It is where the cultural products of a core country “invades” a periphery country and “conquers” local culture
e.g. French cultural imperialism in its former colonies
11
Q
What are the classical theories of imperialism?
A
Hobson-Lenin Paradigm Theory of Collaboration -Robinson and Gallagher (this answer is a work in progress) Imperialism according to Hobson Imperialism according to Hilferding Marxist
12
Q
Classical theory of imperialism according to Hilferding
A
Imperialism according to HILFERDING: Is based on INTER-CORE RIVALRY which incorporated dominance over the periphery and stressed the importance of finance.
Quote from lecture:”Hilferding is seen as the founding father of Marxist theory of imperialism because he was the first to use the meaning of imperialism to refer to the inter-core rivalry which incorporated the domination of core over periphery and also argued that the most important feature of imperialism was the rise of finance capital in the new monopoly era when industrial and financial capital fused into one system”
13
Q
Classical theory of imperialism according to Hobson
A
HOBSON was a British economist who argued that the driving force of imperialism was SURPLUS CAPITAL generated in the core looking for opportunities in the periphery, he saw the solution as free trade and raising domestic consumption.
14
Q
The five essential features of imperialism according to Lenin are…
A
Quote: “He believed that imperialism will lead to war, destroying capitalism and leading to world wide revolution.” He also typified imperialism by five basic features:
>Monopolies
>Rise of finance capital
>Export of capital (foreign trade and investment)
>Formation of international capitalist monopolies
>Territorial divisions
15
Q
Critique of the Hobson-‐Lenin paradigm.
A
Quote from lecture: “World systems approach refuses this approach. They think this approach is riddled with problems and errors. They call it the error of developmentalism. Why? Because it advocates the idea that social systems develop in stages, like modernization theory.” By contrast world systems approach argues that economies and social systems develop in cycles.
16
Q
What is the theory of collaboration?
A
After WWII there was a non-economic non-Marxist explanation of imperialism offered by Robinson and Gallagher called the theory of collaboration. Their explanation is based on politics and diplomacy rather than the economic basis of Marxism.
It was intended to explain how large colonial territories could be control with a small force. They posited that imperialism was made possible by local elites in colonies who participated and cooperated with the colonizers. They called them COMPRADOR elites.
The significance of this theory is twofold. First, it turns attention to local factors and how they contributed to the existence of imperialism AND more importantly it illustrates that orthodox Marxist views of imperialism are very euro-centric because they explain all imperialism by the activities of core states only.»_space;>This shows that Hobson-Lenin paradigm is euro-centric.«<
17
Q
World Systems Approach (WSA) interpretation of imperialism is …
A
> > WSA argues that the main driving force of imperialism has always been the search for low cost labor.
WSA defines imperialism as a dominance relationship,
WSA interprets imperialism within the long term cyclical nature of the world economy.
WSA argues that imperialism is typical for the world economy and because the modern world economy did not exist before the 16th century imperialism didn’t exist before the 16th century either.
There were other forms of dominance but it wasn’t the same as imperialism.
Since the 16th century imperialism persisted in the world economy. However, because of the different cycles of the world economy, the strategies and types of imperialism varied. Different types of imperialism went with different phases of the world economy. For instance informal imperialism is dominant in the periods of hegemony (so imperialism is linked to cycles of hegemony, and hegemony is linked to Kondratieff cycles, which means imperialism is also linked to Kondratieff cycles).
18
Q
What is a classical Marxist theory of imperialism?
A
Hilferding is seen as the founding father of Marxist theory of imperialism because he was the first to use the meaning of imperialism to refer to the inter-core rivalry which incorporated the domination of core over periphery. He also argued that the most important feature of imperialism was the rise of finance capital in the new monopoly era when industrial and financial capital fused into one system. Marxists generally consider imperialism to be one stage in the development of capitalism which will in turn lead to war and a new system.
19
Q
What are the differences between the World System interpretation of imperialism and classical Marxist theories?
A
filler
20
Q
Explain the World-‐systems
analysis of imperialism.
A
filler
21
Q
What is meant by “geography of formal imperialism”?
A
Where in the world did imperialism take place and who was doing it?
22
Q
Which were major colonizing states?
A
There were five major colonizers: Spain Portugal the Netherlands France - Britain -
23
Q
Which were minor colonizing states?
A
This included early colonizers of the Baltic states:
Denmark
Sweden
Brandenburg/Prussia
and also "late comers" in: Belgium Germany Italy Japan United States
24
Q
Explain the two long waves of colonial expansion and contraction
A
There were two waves of colony expansion and contraction. And they are related to two geographical distinct phases of imperialism.
The first expansion/contraction wave took place during the second logistic curve and was associated with the creation of colonies in Latin American by Spain and Portugal. It peaked around 1800 and declined after.
The second expansion/contraction wave of imperialism occurred during the second Kondratief cycle and was related to the rise and fall of European empires in Asia and Africa. It peaked after the Berlin conference and the division of Africa around 1900.
NOTE: The first wave took place during the second logistic curve and the second wave peaked during the second Kondratieff cycle.
25
Economics of formal imperialism did what...?
Integrated the periphery into the world economy and created new production zones in the world economy.
26
Talk about decolonization
There are three parts to colonization.
1. Creation of colonies
2. reorganization of territories
3. transfer of sovereignty (decolonization).
Creation of colonies and reorganization of territories takes place during B phases of Kondratieff cycles when economies are stagnant.
Transfers of sovereignty (decolonization) takes place in A phases and are based on interstate rivalry, not on Kondratieff cycles.
There were two major transfers of sovereignty (decolonization). The first was related to the defeat of France (napoleon) and confirmation of British hegemony in the early part of the 19th century (the century of British hegemony). Decolonization in Latin America, which coincided with the period of emerging British hegemony, set the conditions for British informal imperialism in Latin America in the mid-1800s.
The second transfer was after the defeat of Germany in WWI and WWII and was associated with the transfer of hegemony to the US. Decolonization took place primarily in India which inspired decolonization movements in Africa and Asia.
27
Describe the Four periods of colonial activity by imperial states.
There were four periods of colonial activity that corresponded to Kondratief waves.
FIRST non-competitive era
>>>>>Logistic A phase before 1600
>>>>>only Spain and Portugal were imperial states
>>>>>dominant arena: Iberian America (South America)
FIRST competitive era
>>>>>Logistic phase B
>>>>>8 states involved in imperialist expansion
>>>>>Dominant arena: Caribbean
...............secondary: NAmerican colonies/African, Indian and East Indies ports
SECOND non-competitive era
>>>>>mid 19th century
>>>>>Coincides with rise/consolidation of British Empire
>>>>>Four active arenas: Indian Ocean Islands and Indo-China (French), India and Australasia (British)
SECOND competitive era
>>>>>Peak of colonial expansion by core states
>>>>>Coincides with decline of British Empire
>>>>>SEVEN states involved in expansion
>>>>>arenas of colonial activity: Africa, Mediterranean, Pacific Islands, Chinese ports and Arabia
28
Give examples of classic informal imperialism.
Dutch hegemony - it was based on the Baltic trade: Eastern Europe was peripheralized but politically independent. Dutch merchants dominated the trade but no Dutch political control.
British hegemony - based on imperialism of free trade. Latin American politically independent but trade controlled by Britain.
US hegemony -Political dependence of the periphery replaced by economic dependence after de-colonization.
29
Who was Friedrich List and what were his views about trade policies
LIst was a German economist in the late 1800s. He argued that countries don’t always benefit from free trade and recognized three stages of development that required different trade policies.
1. Least developed countries: free trade to promote the development of agriculture (periphery)
2. Protectionism necessary at a certain point in industrialization to promote development of industry (semi-periphery)
3. After industry is fully developed free trade is necessary to maintain supremacy (core)
30
Explain how informal imperialism is a structural relation.
Structural advantage is built into the world economy:
>>>most efficient producers are favored by free trade (unequal exchange)
>>>world economy relies on this inequality as part of its functioning
>>>unequal exchange is needed to maintain core periphery structure
>>>high wage core low wage periphery is social imperialism
>>>core-periphery structure of the world economy remains constant despite the movements of manufacturing to semi-periphery and periphery
31
Explain social imperialism.
Social imperialism is when imperial states are able to redistribute parts of the profits of the exploitation of periphery to working class in the core countries via higher wages. The effect is a perpetuation of informal imperialism and is due to the disparity in wages in each location (core/periphery). Core proletarian households derive their income from wage work and can support a family on one income, while semi-proletarian households in the periphery derive only a fraction of their income from wage work and one income is not enough to sustain a family.
32
Explain informal imperialism under American hegemony.
Informal imperialism is associated with periods of hegemony. During the American hegemony "client" states (dependent states) were left to develop their own economies provided they remain politically and militarily compliant with the US.
This took the form of soft power, multicultural tolerance, and multilateral politics in the Clinton and Obama administrations. Hard power and unilateral politics in the Bush administrations.
For all administrations since the end of the cold war the system called the Washington consensus or structural adjustment programs was used in relation to periphery/semi-periphery relationships. It is a set of principles based on neo-liberal economic thinking imposed on countries as a precondition for lending them more money.
33
What is meant by "the new imperialism"?
Refers to US imperial power under Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower through to Nixon and includes:
>>The subordinate client (dependent) state approach
>>Client (dependent) states are left free to develop their own economies provided they remain politically and militarily complaint with US wishes
34
What are the four kinds of wars?
Global, World, Local, Civil
35
Describe Global war
>>Involves most of the great powers of the world system.
>>Examples: Napoleonic (1792-1815), WWI and II (1914 -1945)
>>There have been five global wars since 1494.
>>Accounts for 4/5ths of all battle deaths since 1500
Quote: "Five global wars have been recognized since 1494, the period when the global system as we know it today originated, this included:
1. Italian wars of 1494-1517 a series of conflicts that involved most city states in Italy and the majority of other European countries at that time
2. Spanish wars – dutch war of independence 1581-1609
3. Loius the fourteenth included f3 major wars between france and Netherlands , League of oxborge and Spanish secession and two minor conflicts
4. WWI and
5. WWII.
These five wars account for 80% of all battle deaths."
36
Describe World war
>>Earth wide conflict with a world wide battlefield and is defined by geography rather than by the character of the states involved.
>>It is a 20th century phenomenon: WWI and WWII
37
Describe Local war
>>Confined to a few countries and geographically limited in range: includes independence movements and border wars.
>>Most of the wars since 1815 have been local.
>>Examples: Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05, the Six Day War of 1967 between Israel, Egypt, Syria and Jordon.
38
Describe Civil war
>>It is fought between participants within a country.
>>They have been concentrated in the periphery since 1945.
>>Examples: Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia, Syria, Ukraine, and South Sudan.
39
How do the four kinds of wars differ?
The difference is geographic (spatial), scope (who's involved), and what's driving the conflict.
40
What do we mean when we stay "Changing temporal and spatial pattern of wars"?
Changing temporal pattern refers to the fact that the number of wars occurring has decreased (and Great Power direct involvement has too), while the total number of states has increased (and so have the number of battle deaths.)
Spatial pattern of war refers to the fact that wars have become less global and more local, and are concentrated in the periphery.
41
What are the global trends in changing temporal and spatial pattern of wars?
>>decline in the number of conflicts since the end of the Cold War.
>>extra-state (anti-colonial) wars ended in the 1970s.
>>Civil wars increased during the Cold War and decreased after the Cold War
>>war is more deadly fewer wars but more causalities
>>total number of battle deaths has declined since the end of WWII
>>Civil wars are lasting longer (8 years on average)
>>Civil wars are more destructive and more deadly than interstate wars
>>from 92-2003 40% fewer state based conflicts
>>80% drop in number of conflicts that claimed more than 1k lives
>>Since 2003 a 25% increase in armed conflict
>>25% of those conflicts associated with Islamist political violence and the War on Terror
42
What is the armed forces defense dilemma?
>>This is where the elite build up stockpiles of weapons that can eventually be used against them in a civil war.
>>Examples: Libya and Syria
>>National defense forces organized originally for the protection of the state can often turn against the government
A useful strategy is to keep the military busy with external matters.
43
What is the armed forces power-security dilemma?
>>This occurs where a state is building up their military.
>>Other countries don't know if an increase in military might is intended to be offensive or defensive and so it makes them nervous.
>>It can upset the balance of security in international relations.
>>It may lead to an arms race.
44
What are the four state roles related to war?
War Making
State Making
Protection
Extraction
45
Explain War Making as a state role related to war
Elimination or neutralizing of rivals OUTSIDE the state's territory
46
Explain State Making as a state role related to war
Elimination or neutralizing of rivals WITHIN the state.
47
Explain Protection as a state role related to war
Elimination or neutralizing of enemies of client (dependent) states or movements
48
Explain Extraction as a state role related to war
The means to carry out the other three roles related to war.
49
What is the realism theoretical approach to war and peace?
>>The dominant tradition
>>Built on classical works statecraft and interstate rivalry
>>Writings of Machiavelli and von Clausewitz
>>Offers no definitive account of why wars happen
>>The STATE CENTRIC theory of world politics is associated with the realist position
>>Peace through strength and Nuclear weapons
>>The absence of war between major powers during the cold war is best explained by a stable balance of power and nuclear deterrence. (KENNETH WALZ: the pacifying impact of nuclear weapons)
CRITIQUE:
>>France/Britain/US and Russia/USSR fought most wars and are all nuclear armed states.
>>Possession of nuclear weapons failed to prevent wars: Korea, Vietnam, Israel, Afghanistan.
>>There is inconclusive statistical evidence that strength brings peace.
50
What is the idealism theoretical approach to war and peace? What is the "peace through ideas" approach?
Peace through liberalism and ideas
Quote from lecture"Liberalism, peace through democratization and interdependence more like the idealist view that emphasizes the role of international institutions..." like the EU.
Quote "...the argument is that democracies are unlikely to wage war against other democracies and that the economic reasons for the wars 200 years ago are no longer here (Harvey would disagree)"
Peace through ideas just means that attitudes toward war has changed. It used to be an acceptable way to gain territory and settle disputes but there are fewer people who view war that way now.
51
LIst the historical structural approaches to war and peace.
Multi-centric (Modelski, Thompson)
Global-centric/World systems (Wallerstein)
Hybrid (Lenin)
Lateral pressure (Keynes)
52
Explain the Modelski/Thompson multi-centric historical structural approach.
>>Modelski argued that the World System started in the 16th century and recognizes five hegemonic cycles or five cycles of world leadership.
>>Each cycle is about 100 years long and is broken into four stages
>>Each stage is about 25 years long
>>FIRST STAGE: Global war and international chaos determines the next hegemonic power (hegemonic power is the country responsible for more than 50% of peacekeeping/order-keeping in the international system)
>>SECOND STAGE: The global leader emerges after 25 years of war (which can be composed of multiple conflicts) This leader is clearly defined and reorganizes the international system, building a set of alliances that promotes its global interests and that cements its leadership in the international system
>>This new leader is not questioned by other powers
>>THIRD STAGE is the de-legitimation when the leadership of the hegemonic power begins to be questioned by other countries
>>FOURTH STAGE: The last stage is de-concentration refers to power de-concentration… its power is shared increasingly with other emerging powers and eventually disputes/wars break out that will decide who will be the next hegemonic power
This is the basic argument of Modelski and Thompson about the multi-centric theory and the cycles of world leadership.
53
Explain the Wallerstein Global-centric/World Systems Approach (WSA).
>>WSA identifies only three cases of hegemony:
Dutch- after the 30 years war (1618-1648)
British - after the Napoleonic war (1792-1815)
American. after WWI and II (1914-1945)
>>It argues that hegemony's are brief and rare
>>WSA agrees that that hegemony's emerge out of world/global wars
Quote from lecture " Wars result in hegemonic ascension and it is defined as the ability to enforce its rules and wishes on the system by virtue of its dominance in agriculture industry commerce financial and the world market so WSA emphasizes the economic foundation of hegemonic power, they have to be more efficient and commercially successful, it is underwritten by economic superiority, it is mainly determined by economic factors not so much by military."
54
Explain Lenin's theory and Goldstein's Hybrid theory (both are historical structural approaches)
LENIN believed that:
>>Major power wars (imperialist wars) would be more likely in times of global downturn.
>>States will be forced to expand, leading eventually to war over control of resources (BUT most major wars, 7 out of 9 since 1825 have been during Kondratiev cycle A-phases)
GOLDSTEIN's Hybrid theory is a middle ground between the long cycle theory and WSA and stated that:
>>War and economic cycles are linked
>>War is more common in times of global prosperity because states have more resources to spend on war
>>Each state promotes the interests of its own capitalists against the competing interests of other capitalist states
55
Explain Keynes Lateral pressure theory.
Keynes believed that:
>>The most important cause of war was economic (population pressures and competitive struggle for markets)
>>3 Key indicators:
1. Population size
2. Level of technology
3. Domestic resource availability
>>As populations increase and technology advances countries wil exceed their domestic resource capability and look to foreign sources of raw materials and markets =lateral pressure!
>>Other states will do the same and this will cause wars.
56
Explain the application of Modelski’s long-‐cycle model on the 1890-‐1990 period and the US.
STAGE 1: Quote "...so if we apply this model to the US obviously between between 1890 and 1914 was the competition between the US, Germany, Japan and Russia as power de-concentrated from Britain."
STAGE 2: The US emerged as the hegemonic power after 1945
Quote "...after the wars the US established international institutions designed to develop international economic system, IMF UN, world bank, GATT, and also the NATO all these were established to enforce and legitimate the agenda of the US"
STAGE 3: Quote " ...then between 50s and 70s the cold war this was the period of de-legitimation and it was challenged by the USSR and the US was involved in korea and Vietnam..."
STAGE 4: Quote "... and at the end of the 20th century US entered de-concentration so it has been typified by terrorist activities and the war on terror..."
57
What four factors tend to stabilize peace?
>> Isolation (passive and active neutrality)
>> Dissociation
>> Cooperation
>> Functionalism.
58
Give examples of isolation factors.
Passive neutrality-
Active neutrality-
Physical inaccessibility
59
What is meant by "maintenance of peace by dissociation"
| What is meant by "maintenance of peace by isolation"
DISSOCIATION
>>The potential for contact is not realized
>>Withdrawal of weapons from certain areas
>>Deliberate absence from active international networks and relations (Switzerland)
ISOLATION
>>Physical inaccessibility
>>Passive neutrality-facilitated by isolation-distance pacifies
>>Active neutrality -state actively attempt to remain neutral and mediate between opponents
>>Cease-fire lines - often become permanent borders
>>Demilitarized zones - create more space between opposing armed forces
60
What is meant by "maintenance of peace by cooperation"
Intensification of interstate relations
61
What is meant by "maintenance of peace by functionalism"
Peaceful relations based on one aspect tends to spill over to other aspects. For example, participation in organizations like the EU or the IMF encourages peaceful relations overall between those countries.
62
What are three explanations of the decline in the numbers of international conflicts.
Realism: Peace through strength and nuclear weapons.
Liberalism: Peace through democratization and interdependence.
Peace through ideas: changing attitudes to war.
63
Distribution of battles deaths over time.
Fewer wars but more deaths:
1900-2016 265 wars resulting in 115 million battle deaths (46/1000 people)
19th century 205 wars 8 million battle deaths (6/1000 people)
18th century 68 wars 4 million battle deaths (5/1000 people)
And a huge reduction just recently:
1950 - 33,000 battle deaths
2008 -less than 1,000
a 90% reduction!
Quote "...there have [also] been shifts in terms of battle deaths, in the first half of the 20th century it was focused on Europe but then shifted to the periphery..."
64
Reasons for less deadly wars
>>Fewer interventions by great powers
>>Prolonged engagements between heavily equipped large armies are less common
>>Smaller armies now
>>Wars are typically highly localized now
>>Rebel organizations in civil wars do not usually have the ability to project military power over long distances
>>Prolonged efforts to promote public health (immunizations) also reduces deaths during wars
>>Increases in the scope/level of humanitarian aid has tripled per displaced person
65
Geopolitical new world order according to(1st) Bush
>>New threats of unpredictability, instability, and chaos
| >>A new world order under American leadership
66
Geopolitical new world order according to Gorbachev
>>Uniting of superpowers to secure and maintain global peace
>>A world order beyond American-Soviet antagonism
>>Interstate cooperation through the UN to address transnational threats
67
Geopolitical interpretation: Neo-conservatism and its
| geopolitical vision.
>>Neo conservatives organized originally in opposition to Carter's election
>>They believe in smaller govt and reduced spending except for military spending
>>They advocate the policy of enlargement (spreading/fostering democracy especially in Eastern Europe)
>>Unwilling to make compromises or negotiate - moral absolutists
>>Project for the new American Century
>>Willing to spend large sums on military and war
>>Prefers the use of threats of war over diplomacy and international relations (quote from lecture)
QUOTE: "There was an assumption that US values are universal values and assumption of American exceptionalism and we approached the new order this way, those who wanted to follow us would be friends and those who opposed us were evil."
68
What is the strategy of “enlargement”,
The strategy of trying to grow democracy around the globe by supporting young democratic states and encouraging movement toward democracy (even if it means regime change)
Four components:
1. Strengthen the community of major market democracies
2. Foster and consolidate new democracies and market economies
3. Counter aggression and support liberalization of states hostile to democracy and markets
4. foster democracy and market economics through humanitarian aid in stressed regions
69
Explain The “end of history” thesis and who wrote it...
Fukuyama wrote it and it was the belief that with the end of the Cold War liberal democracy "won", that the West is the culmination of all historical progress and that if a country isn't with us it was against us.
70
Explain the "clash of civilizations” thesis and who wrote it...
>>Written by Huntington.
>>Conflict between civilizations will become the dominant form of global conflict (cultural conflict)
>>These conflicts are likely to lead to global wars
>>The dominant theme in world politics will be the struggle between the "west and the rest"
>>Implication for the West: affects short and long term policies
QUOTE "The most important implication was that the west needed to maintain its economic and military supremacy over all other civilizations. He has been criticized for this view but for some people though this discourse is the same as the Cold War discourse... we need to build a strong military to protect ourselves, this kind of argument exaggerates the danger for the US and has been used like the cold war fears were used to justify large scale military spending to maintain superiority.
This has been the MOST important criticism of Huntingdon argument. Too simplistic...
...then in 97 the "Project For the New American Century" was established. Huntingdon was one example of neo-conservative discourse, the PFNAC was a second."
71
What is The “Project for a New American Century”
Group of neo conservatives
Strategic Goals:
>>Reasserting American supremacy in world affairs
>>American preeminence (so strong not even a coalition of allies could stand against it)
Championed four causes:
1. support for missile defense
2. support for taiwan versus mainland China
4. Overthrowing Saddam Hussein
5. Support for Israel
72
What is The ‘rogue state’ doctrine?
>>Attempt of the Wests' military industrial complex to re-legitimate itself after the cold war
>>New threats: rogue state and nuclear outlaws
>>US military must maintain an ability to fight two major regional wars at once (spend more on military)
73
Geo-Economic interpretations: explain the economic
| rivalry among the U.S., Japan and EU according to (Thurow),
Slides: Economic rivalry among the US, Japan and the EU will form the basis of 21st century geopolitics.
Quote from lecture: "Thurow talks about economic and technical and administrative rivalry between US Japan and EU and this would be the basis of 21st century Geopolitics. He also identified the strengths and weakness of these three powers and concluded the EU is most likely to win, japan is no longer a player and EU has some problems too (larger market), I still think that it’s unrealistic foundation of future geopolitics."
74
Geo-Economic interpretations: explain a shift from
| geopolitics to geo-‐economics according to (Luttwak)
Luttwak believed that there would be a shift in focus from geopolitics to Geo-economics and saw Japan as a Geo-economics enemy.
Critics point out that geopolitics and Geo-economics are not opposites but concepts that are connected
75
Geo-Ecological interpretations: explain the U.S. role according to (Gore),
>>Balance between ecological sustainability and environmental destruction
>The us ought to organize and manage a unified global response to the environmental crisis
>>The us must devise a healthier and more balanced pattern in world civilization that integrates the less developed world into the global economy
>>This new economic integration will center on a cooperative global effort to save the environment
76
Geo-Ecological interpretations: explain the “Coming
| anarchy” according to (Kaplan),
slides: Environmental and demographic stress is critical for future geopolitics. Future conflicts related to environmental degradation and population growth especially in the periphery. Environment is a national security issue.
Critics say that it ignore political economy of environmental degradation, interrelationships between core/periphery and that it is a neo-Malthusian advocacy.
(Dr. P talked about Kaplan a LOT in lecture)
Quote: "He argued that because of the rapidly growing population and constantly increasing pressure on natural resources the environmental stresses will form the basis for future geopolitics and that the future conflicts over resources and environmental degradation will become much more important. He argued that the majority will take place in the periphery because they suffer the most from rapid uncontrolled population increase..."
AND
"Kaplan argued that the increased environmental degradation, population growth and depletion of natural resources will lead to more conflict this he argued would lead to increased migration and increased refugee flows, that affects developed countries. Withering away of central governments, the rise of tribal and regional domains, the unchecked spread of disease and growing pervasiveness of war..."
Prof P says he believes we're seeing this already with the massive number of migrants from Africa, the middle east, and parts of Asia.
77
Geo-Ecological interpretations: explain the resource
| wars according to (Klare).
>>Ensuring access to overseas supplies of vital resources dominates the American strategic agenda and has profoundly influenced policy.
>>Resources resumed their central role in military planning after the end of the Cold War
>>The pursuit and protection of resources is seen as one of the states primary security functions
>>Certain resources are worth an immense amount of money and their possession is widely seen as something worth fighting over
>>The escalating worldwide demand for commodities
>>The likely emergence of resource scarcities
>>Disputes over the ownership of valuable sources of critical materials
78
2000s: Explain the New world order according to
| President George W. Bush:
filler
79
2000s: What is the Bush Doctrine?
>>Neo-conservative
>>U.S. duty to spread democracy and fight evil
>>U.S. enemies hate democracy
>>Unilateralism - rejection of treaties and traditional alliances because they constrained U.S. actions and are contrary to U.S. interests
>>U.S. should attack countries who harbor terrorists (War on Terror)
>>prevention and preemption
>>
Quote: "The bush doctrine by this what is meant is policy that was formed by the bush administration and the basic idea is related to neoconservative thinking and spreading democracy (which was also a Clinton thing) and fight evil in the world…the us is involved in this global war which is ideological and the enemies of the US are united by their hatred of democracy in this war they attempt to spread democracy to the rest of the world. There was several points on how this could be achieved, the bush doctrine was about unilateralism instead of multilateralism, respective of whether president was republican or democrat, according to bush administration it was a rejection of treaties because they constrained US actions, this was argued that this was against American interests, the second point in bush doctrine was that the US should attack countries who harbor terrorist this was used to justify the attack on Afghanistan in 2001.
Another part of the bush doctrine is prevention and preemption the US if there is a need they needed to act alone and preemptively which has not been the case in the past. This also included a rejection of UN and traditional alliances that the US used to try to build. The last one is related to the idea that the US had this mission to spread democracy to the rest of the world and believing that democracy could be spread by regime change. This of course include active support of democratic govts around the world and this will undermine terrorist activities around the world."
80
2000s: What is the critique of the Bush Doctrine?
>>Based on the myth of American national exceptionalism and the belief that US interests are universal
>>The US did the ordering in alliance with those willing to follow
>>Any change in geopolitical order unfavorable to the US and the interests of the West was unacceptable
81
2000s: The U.S. as a rogue superpower
>>US actions have undermined US security by producing more enemies and creating more terrorists
>>US has lost friends and pushed indifferent others into active antagonism
>>US went to war when it didn't need to
>>The cost of War on Terror plus irresponsible taxation has created massive US budget deficits which undermine US strength in world affairs
>>US moral authority has been undermined due to actions like illegal detentions, torture and violence
Institutionalization of a society built around (motivated by) fear
>>War on terror has produced dangerous polarization in world affairs
82
2000s: What was President Obama’s foreign policy
Return to multi-lateralism (START treaty among others)
Rejection of the phrase "Global War on Terror"
Careful use of force (that didn't work)
Continued the war on al Qaeda
Gradual end of wars in Iraq and a drawn down in Afghanistan
Promoted discussions leading to the climate accord
Brokered a nuclear deal with Iran
Normalized US relations with Cuba
Failures:
Dealing with Assad in Syria
Making peace between Israel and Palestine
Improving relations with Russia
Shifting the focus of policy toward Asia
83
2000s: What was the Republican critique of President Obama's foreign policy?
```
Feckless (ineffective) foreign policy
Gave up world leadership
projected weakness
Leading from behind
(I don't understand why they would say that's a bad thing http://smallbusiness.chron.com/theory-leading-behind-76457.html unless they've commandeered the term to mean something else)
Apologizing for America
Denying American exceptionalism
Betraying Israel (and other allies)
```
They propose a solution of "peace through strength" = more military spending
84
Why is imperialism important ?
Almost all the periphery (except China) was at some time under the European (core) control and this left a lasting imperial legacy in the periphery.
>>>The history of imperialism fundamentally shaped the contemporary world from the 15th century onward.<<
85
How were geography and imperialism connected throughout history?
1. Explorers were financed by geographic societies.
2. Geographical theories (like environmental determinism) were used to legitimize imperialism.
3. Some political geographers rose to prominence through their direct or indirect support of imperialism (i.e. Ratzel in Germany and Mackinder in Britain).
4. Some geographers opposed imperialism (i.e. Elisee Recluse and Peter Kropotkin)
86
There were two TERRITORIAL CATEGORIES of modern colonial empires, what were they?
1. Overland expansion.
| 2. Overseas territories of European states.
87
What are the TRADITIONAL approaches to imperialism that are specific to political geography.
Colonization
Colonialism
Imperialism
88
What countries were involved in overland colonial expansion?
Russia, Austro-Hungarian, Prussian, Ottoman and Chinese, (U.S. as it expanded toward the pacific).
89
Which country was the largest territorially contiguous empire in the world?
Russia
90
The geography of formal imperialism...who was doing it?
5 Major colonizers:
Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, France, and Britain
Minor colonizers:
Denmark, Sweden and Brandenburg/Prussia all colonized Baltic area
"late comers" Belgium, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.
91
What is imperialism?
The extension of a nation's authority (through the establishment of economic and political dominance or through territorial acquisition) over lands occupied by people of another culture.
92
Who was Bukharin and what was his view of imperialism?
Russian Marxist who believed that in capitalist societies the state and capital (finance) become so intertwined they eventually merge into a state capital trust or finance monopoly.
93
What is the Hobson-Lenin paradigm?
Quote from lecture: "He [Lenin] argued that economically the world has already been divided and and the territorial division of the world is already complete. Because he believed that capitalism needed to expand the competition over territory and trade would by necessity would lead to war which would destroy the system and lead to socialism. THEY CONSIDER THIS TO BE THE HOBSON LENIN PARADIGM, that what they call the classical theory of imperialism. They generally, the basic position, is that there are different interests associated with different section of capital, when finance capital becomes dominant and it could steer countries to ….. ventures, despite popular support of these ventures these were the real interests of the working classes in these countries."
NOTE: this question is (I feel) important to understand but even after reviewing slides/lectures it was not clear to me.
This website explains it a little more clearly (you just have to ignore the lean): https://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2007/10/384305.html
