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Political Geography > Exam 1 study materials > Flashcards

Exam 1 study materials Flashcards

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1
Q

Plato

A

believed there was an ideal size, location and use of territory

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

Searched for the ideal form of political organization

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3
Q

Turgot

A

First to use the term “political geography” in 1750. First to attempt to produce a system of study outlining the links between geography and politics

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4
Q

Hartshorne

A

studied STATES – FUNCTIONAL approach (unique sovereignty)-centrifugal/centripetal forces

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5
Q

Gottman

A

Believed the world is divided by circulation and iconography

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6
Q

Jones

A

UNIFIED THEORY – Five steps to create a state (IDEA, decision, MOVEMENT, settlement/war, STATE)

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7
Q

Braudel

A

Annales school of history -STRUCTURAL- longue durée –

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8
Q

Mahan

A

FATHER of GeoPolitics- geography important to the balance of power -advocate of SEA POWER-first to suggest containment of Russia- recommended panama canal and…

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9
Q

Mackinder

A

heartland theory 1904, revised 1919 and again 1943

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10
Q

Fairgrieve

A

CRUSH ZONE- • Introduced the “crush zone” as the most critical region – located between the inner crescent and the heartland
• Also advocated keeping Germany and Russia separate

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11
Q

Spykman-

A

• Criticized Mackinder’s oversimplification of history and overemphasis of the power potential of the heartland
• Believed the real power lay in the rimland whose control could neutralize the power of the heartland
• Viewed sea power as a key global strategy
• “who controls the rimland rules Eurasia – who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the World”
• Believed allies should prevent any consolidation of the rimland
,

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12
Q

Haushofer

A

– lebensraum -inner hemispheres of higher civilization, outer hemisphere dominated by Britain, Britain in decline and Germany needed the room: PAN REGIONS Americas (US)- Greater East Asia – JAPAN – PAN EUROPE -Germany

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13
Q

Cohen (SCG)

A

revised heartland/rimland thesis, Hierarchy of the GP structure, GeoPolitical regions, Shatters belts (internal fragmentation), compression zones (internal divisions and neighbor interference), Gateways (bridges between regions)

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14
Q

Modelski

A

five cycles of global politics each in four phases about 100 years in length
Phases: 1.war 2. world domination 3.de-legitimization 4. De-concentration
1500s Portugal to spain/Netherlands
1600s Netherlands to france/England
1700s England to france/Russia
1800s England to german/US +allies
1900s US to USSR/al Quaeda/NATO/Coalition

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15
Q

Kennan

A

Diplomat in Moscow during WWII. Containment strategy.

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16
Q

Political Arithmetic

A

Detailed explanation and calculation of national resources (at home and abroad) especially of demography and economics represented cartographically. Valuable for military and for politics.

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17
Q

Ratzel

A

Organic State Theory. First political geographer.Coined the term “lebensraum” or living space. Believed states ought to have territories globally

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18
Q

Organic State Theory

A

 States are like plant communities in their struggle for space and resources necessary for survival.
 Life cycle of birth, growth/expansion and decline.
 Fluid political boundaries necessary (implied)
 Location is important-interior states would be limited in size

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19
Q

Critique of functional

A
  • Emphasis on the status quo
  • Treats states individually and ignores power structures in which states operate
  • Ignores domestic politics resulting in politically sterile political geography
  • Contributed to the stagnation of political geography as a discipline
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20
Q

Three influences in the revival of Political Geography in the 1960s were…

A
  1. End of the Cold War
  2. Diversification of political geographers
  3. Synergy with many powerful intellectual influences from within geography and also other fields
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21
Q

Modernization theory

A

• Traditional society – limited technology and a static society
o Transition triggered by external influences, interest or markets
• Preconditions for takeoff-commercial exploitation of agriculture and extractive industry
o Installation of physical infrastructure, (roads etc) and the emergence of social political elite
• Takeoff – development of manufacturing
o Investment in manufacturing exceeds 10% of national income; development of modern social, economic and political institutions
• Drive to Maturity – development of wider industrial and commercial base
o Explotation of comparative advantages in international trade
• High mass consumption
• stresses internal reasons and sources for eco dev and ignores the external influences
Critique of Mod Theory IS Dependency Theory

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22
Q

Critique of Modernization Theory IS Dependency Theory

A
  • Radical critique of Modernization theory
  • Economic processes operate in different ways in different parts of the world
  • Development and underdevelopment are interdependent structures within the global economic system
  • Underdevelopment is not an original condition but the consequence of historical capitalism
  • Underdevelopment can be traced back to past periods of merchant capitalism and colonialism (colonies forced to produce primary export products)
  • The development of Underdevelopment is the result of policies of large corporations, major states in the core zones, and interstate agencies which promoted free trade in the world economy
  • The core and periphery model of the world
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23
Q

Core Periphery Model

A
  • Core are hegemonic powers and other developed countries characterized by high wages and high tech
  • Periphery economically dependent countries characterized by low wages and low tech
  • Semi periphery a country that feeds the core but exploits the periphery
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24
Q

Why do we talk about dependency theory, structural history and core-periphery model?

A

We talk about Dependency theory and core-periphery & semi-periphery because they were foundational/inspirational to the world systems approach along with a historical system unit of analysis and the French “longue durée” or long look.

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25
Q

World systems Approach (analysis) involves how many and what types of systems:

A

THREE types of historical systems: Mini Systems, World Empires and World Economy

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26
Q

Mini Systems are…

A

original/primitive reciprocal-lineage mode of production i.e.: hunter-gatherer
o Exchange is reciprocal between producers
o Main organizing principle is age and gender
o Based on families and kin groups
o Geographically local
o None have survived (except rare remnants)

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27
Q

World Empires are…

A

o characterized by redistributive tributary modes of production;
o large groups of agricultural producers capable of creating surplus;
o wealth appropriated by elite class in the form of taxes or tributes;
o large scale inequalities;
o agricultural surpluses allow for non-agricultural producers (administrative, artists etc);
o single authority for the whole system;
o unitary or fragmented political structure (like feudal Europe);
o some attempts to create this type of empire include hitler and napoleon).

28
Q

World Economys are…

A 
o	run on capitalist mode of production;
o	driven by profit accumulation; 
o	based on competition; 
o	single world market; 
o	multiple state system; 
o      three-tier structure; 
o	TEN phases of growth and stagnation
o	THREE types of spatial zones (core, semi-periphery and periphery)
29
Q

FOUR types of social change are…

A
  • Transition -Change from one mode of production to another that takes place as an INTERNAL process e.g. feudalism to capitalism
  • Transformation- change from one mode to another that takes place as an EXTERNAL process (incorporation of mini systems and forced change)
  • Discontinuity – change between different entitites both approximately the same location where both entities share the same mode of production; the system breaks down and a new one is created in its place; e.g. dark ages to the renaissance;
  • Continuity- a type of change that occurs within systems can be linear or cyclical
30
Q

Logistic waves (linear continuity) are…

A

• pre-1780
• 150-300 years long
• Two phases A (growth) and B (decline)
• Two waves before 1789 were:
o Feudalism -1050-1250 A phase and 1250-1450 B-phase
o Agricultural capitalism- 1450-1600 A phase and 1600-1750 B phase

31
Q

Kondratieff cycles – (cyclical continuity) are…

A
  • Cyclical change beginning 1770s
  • Russian economist Kondratieff found them by studying changes in the rates of inflation and discovered there are cycles of economic growth and decline
  • His ideas were further developed and Schumpeter linked those 50-60-year cycles to technological change
  • A-phases (Growth) -good for profits-investment in new technology-over production will end the A-phase
  • B-phases (decline/stagnation) – poor for profits – characterized by underinvestment in production – ends with restructuring
  • Are connected to cycles of political behavior
  • Resulting organizational changes
32
Q

Kondratieff cycle organizational changes…

A 
o	K1 (individual entrepreneurs
o	K2 (small firms and larger average size)
o	K3 (monopolistic, oligopolistic and cartel structures)
o	K4 (centralized hierarchical TNCs)
o	K5 (network and alliance orgs?)
33
Q

Three basic elements of the world economy are…

A
  • single market
  • multiple state system
  • a three-tier structure
34
Q

What is “the core”

A
  • Core process dominate
  • High wages
  • Advanced technology
  • High productivity
  • Diversified production mix
  • Dominates trade
  • Rich developed countries
  • exploiter
35
Q

What is “semi periphery”?

A
  • Even mix of core and periphery processes

* ExploitED by the core and exploitER of the periphery

36
Q

What is “periphery”?

A
  • Peripheral processes dominate
  • Low wages
  • Relatively rudimentary technology
  • Simple production mix
  • Low productivity
  • Dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships
  • Poor and underdeveloped countries
37
Q

Where did the world economy originate, when, how and when did it spread?

A

WORLD ECONOMY ORIGINATED IN WESTERN EUROPE AROUND 1450, GRADUALLY OVER LONG TIME IT SPREAD TO THE ENTIRE WORLD… BECAME GLOBAL BY ABOUT 1900.

38
Q

How did the capitalist system come into being, when?

A

CAPITALIST SYSTEM EMERGED FROM THE DISINTEGRATION OF FEUDALISM. THE TRANSITION WAS VERY SLOW (THE LONG 16TH CENTURY 1450-1650) (from lecture).

39
Q

What are three expressions of power?

A
  • Inscribed -possessed inherently based on relative position of individuals, groups, institutions, countries etc (authority associated with a title/position)
  • Resource- capacity to mobilize power to a certain end e.g. military technology and manpower
  • Knowledge – strategies, practices and techniques – discourse that facilitates behavior desired by the powerful without the powerful seemingly acting
40
Q

What is power geometry

A

How individuals are positioned within networks and structures of power and how they relate to each other. Triadic Core of the world economy is: U.S + Japan + E.U.

41
Q

Three ways power can be conceptualized geographically:

A
  • Territorially -Sovereignty of states over their areas
  • Networks – networks that transcend territorial boundaries e.g. flows between global financial markets
  • Geographic Scale – scope of a conflict
42
Q

Political economy of scale: what are the three scales in this vertical structure?

A

global (reality), the world economy
national (ideology) separates reality from experience and mediates conflict (ideally)
local (experience)

43
Q

Overt and covert power

A
  • Overt -physical expression of power
  • Covert – ability to affect outcomes without a visible physical expression of power (MUCH MORE IMPORTANT IN THE OPERATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY)
44
Q

four types of power relations;

A
  • actual use of force (overt) – war, military conflict
  • latent force (overt) – threats, coercion
  • non-decision making (covert) – the ability to influence outcomes by not taking any action (e.g. “GENERALLY UN AND ITS SECURITY COUNCIL, ONLY SELECTED TOPICS AND CONFLICTS WOULD BE REPRESENTED ON THEIR AGENDA. ALL OTHER CONFLICTS ARE NOT INCLUDED, THEY ARE ORGANIZED OUT OF THE POLITICS.”)
  • structural (covert)- “IT IS BASED ON THE POSITION OF COUNTRIES IN THE WE. SO WHETHER A COUNTRY IS PART OF THE CORE, SP OR PERI GENERALLY AFFECTS ITS POWER POSITION, THE AMOUNT OF POWER IT HAS”
45
Q

The meanings of “geopolitics”

A
  • A way of “seeing” the world -belief in a view of the white male of the whole world and the resulting policy prescriptions
  • Multiple practices and representations of a wide variety of territories and can include individuals and groups
  • The practice of identifying power relationships within geopolitical statements
  • How states have competed for control of territory/resources and how they justify their actions
46
Q

Three contemporary geopolitical approaches and how they differ:

A

• classical geopolitics (old) A way of thinking that claimed to be objective and global
o historically undertaken by elite white males (mostly) in the West with the intention of promoting a specific agenda
o Sees the world as an interconnected whole
o Interprets the earth and global political transformations for the benefit of one’s own state
o Believes that the world can be explained and understood and thus controlled
o Problem-solving for state strategy and foreign policy
• critical geopolitics (new)
o emerged in the 1990s
o influence of post modernism
o attempt by geographers to reclaim GP from the state
o views GP as a DISCOURSE
o concerned with identifying power relationships in geopolitical statements
o scrutinizes phrases commonly used to justify state actions-to understand how states use discourse to try to classify and control
• feminist geopolitics (new)
o aims to counter simple classifications that are the underpinnings of classical geopolitics
o critique of critical geopolitics – we cannot understand the world in a top down manner (classical GP) or simply by critiquing the top down view (critical GP)
o Interacting with people is empirical imperative

47
Q

Discourse and discourse analysis in critical geopolitics

A
  • A formalized way of thinking in a particular discipline generally accepted as a “norm” during a given period
  • Manifested through language, a social boundary defining what can be said, or the limits of acceptable speech
  • Seen to affected our views on all thing
  • It is not possible to avoid discourse. A set of explanations and understandings that powerfully shape the way we think about, and act in, our world
  • How our thinking on a particular subject is being shaped by the accepted vocabulary used, the ways in which expertise in the subject is constructed, and the ways in which the analysis of a phenomenon is institutionalized
  • Reflect and recreate configurations of power in society
  • Not all discourses become dominant
48
Q

World systems definition of geopolitics

A
  • Geopolitics is concerned with rivalry between major powers and domination of the periphery through imperialism (primarily informal)
  • Challenges the state-centric view of GP
  • Challenges the basic unit of analysis (state) (uses historical unit)
  • Critical, realism, idealism
49
Q

Forms of new geopolitics;

A
  • geo-economics,
  • eco-politics,
  • focus on transnational problems
50
Q

What is Realism and idealism in international relations

A

• GP was traditionally part of the realist tradition of international relations
• REALISM:
o dominant tradition built on a series of classical works on statecraft and inter-state rivalry by Machiavelli and Clausewitz
o Advocates Power politics-war and the threat of war are central to its prescriptions for international relations
o Strong states are responsible for conducting international affairs
• IDEALISM
o Required control of strong states power in international affairs by means of collective action of all states

51
Q

Von Clauzewitz –

A
  • Military theorist
  • Leading advocate of Land Power
  • Believed that war was just a continuation of politics by other means
  • Greatly influenced military strategy
52
Q

Critique of Mackinder

A
  • Oversimplification of history as a struggle between land and sea powers
  • Power potential wrongly equated with sheer geographical area (geographically deterministic)
  • Oversight of permanent difficulties of the heartland because of its continental climate
  • Simplistic view of railways in the sparsely settled heartland
  • One sided claims about the importance of mobility in the development of power
  • Neglected the importance of social organization in the development of power
  • Missed the revolutionary implications of airpower for the 20th century
  • Underestimated the emergent power of the U.S. while overestimating the strategic significance of the vast spaces of Russian heartland
  • The use of the Mercator projection map centered on Eurasia
53
Q

Geopolitical codes are…

A

• A specific state’s view of the world -each state has it’s own unique code
• Political geographical assumptions that underlie a country’s foreign policy and includes:
o A definition of that state’s interests
o Identification of external threats to that state’s interests
o Planned response to the threats
o A justification for the response
• Local regional and global level codes
• Basic building blocks of geopolitical world orders

54
Q

A geopolitical world order is…

A
  • Defines the basic parameters of the international politics at the time
  • A given distribution of power across the world accepted by most political elites in most countries
  • Represents relatively stable patterns of geographical power distribution over distinctive periods of time-when geopolitical codes of most states accept the parameters of the WO it creates global stability
  • Each world order emerges in a rapid geographical transition from a period of disintegration of the previous world order
55
Q

Cycles of international politics

A

The rise and decline of major powers – different authors – different cycles -and different number of major powers that have risen and fell throughout history (Modelski)

56
Q

Who were the three hegemonic states in the system

A

Dutch British US

57
Q

Four stages of the rise and fall of hegemonic power associated to paired Kondratieff’s

A

A1 Ascending hegemony – period of geopolitical rivalry
B1 hegemonic victory – commercial dominance
A2 hegemonic maturity – Hegemonic power establishes free trade because it benefits them
B2 Declining hegemony – period of acute competition between new powers and decline of hegemonic power that is unable to sustain economic domination

58
Q

the Truman doctrine

A

– policy of the US to aid free people anywhere in the world in their struggle against communism

59
Q

the Marshall plan

A

– US financial aid to countries to prevent economic and social deterioration -to prevent them becoming communist

60
Q

Brezhnev doctrine

A

It was a doctrine designed to justify Soviet intervention in any country that attempted to reform or liberalize their government.

61
Q

Finlandization

A

the idea that USSR influence would be extended via control of domestic politics in other countries by means other than armed conflict inducing self-censorship and pro-soviet attitudes in the target country

62
Q

Warsaw pact

A

Soviet dominated eastern military defense alliance to counter US imperialism

63
Q

Critique of Dependency Theory

A

Stresses external causes of underdevelopment
Relies solely on relations of exchange
Cannot explain economic successes of some countries like South Korea.

64
Q

Competition in the world economy is insured by …

A

Private ownership of the means of production and no overarching political structure

65
Q

When did the world economy emerge? When did it become global?

A

European world economy emerged after 1450 and became global by 1900;

Political Geography (4 decks)

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