Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 182 > Exam 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Be familiar with the common characteristics of all animals.

A
  • multicellular and heterotrophs
  • lack cell wall but have extensive extra cellular matrix (ECM)
  • most have nerve and muscle cells (except porifera)
  • capacity to move under their own power at some point in their life
  • ability to reproduce sexually
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most likely ancestor of animals?

A

choanoflagellets, similar cell structure to early diverging sponges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 major features that were traditionally used to classify animals? Know the different variations on these 3 major features.

A
  1. type of body symmetry
  2. presence of absence of different tissues types (germ layers)
  3. specific features in embryonic development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type of body symmetry

A
  • asymmetric: porifera (sponges)
  • radial symmetry: divided equally around a central axis; ctenophores and cnidarians
  • bilateral symmetry: two equal halves, cephalization; lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa, and deuterostomia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Different tissue types

A

diploblast: animals with two types of tissues (ectoderm and endoderm)

triploblast: animals with three types of tissues (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm)

ectoderm: skin and nervous system
enoderm: digestive tract
mesoderm: circulator system, muscles, skeleton and most organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the features of protostome and deuterostome development?

A

protostome: mouth forms first
- determinate cleavage (fate is determined early)
- cells divide in a spiral pattern
- lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans

deuterostomes: anus forms first mouth forms later
- indeterminate cleavage
- cells divide at right angles
- echinodermata and chordata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

you should know each of the invertebrate phylum names (11 total phyla)

A
  • Porifera
  • Ctenophora
  • Cnidaria
  • Rotifera
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Annelida
  • Mollusca
  • Nematoda
  • Arthropoda
  • Echinodermata
  • Chordata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Porifera (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

sponges
asymmetric, none, none
pseudocoelom or no coelom
reproduction: sexual or asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ctenophora (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

comb jellies
radial, diploblast, neither
acoelomates (no coelom)
nerve net

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cnidaria (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids
radial, diploblast, neither
aceolomate
exist in two forms: polyp and medusa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

rotifera (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

bilateral, triploblast, protostome
psuedocoelom
has cilia on corona for suspension, feeding, and swimming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

platyhelminthes (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

Flat worms
bilateral, triploblast (first triploblast), protostome
acoelomate
has cerebral ganglia (cluster of nerve cells), not segmented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mollusca (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

snails
bilateral,triploblast, protostomes
true coelom (hemocoel)
has foot, mantle, and visceral mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

annelida (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

Earth worms
bilateral, triploblast, protostome
true coelom, acts as hydrostatic skeleton
Segmented (septa) , setae (chitinous bristles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nematoda (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

Round worms
bilateral, tirploblast, protostomes
psuedocoelom - hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system
tough cuticle that covers the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

arthropoda (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

spiders, insects, crustaceans
bilateral, triploblast, protostome
true coelom
cephalization, compound eyes, and tagmata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

echinodermata (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

Starfish
modified radial symmetry (larvae are bilateral), triploblast, deuterostomes
True coelom
no cephalization and regenerative body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chordata (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

humans
bilateral, triploblast, deuterostomes
true coelom
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post anal tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Know the 2 different body forms of Cnidaria.

A
  1. polyp (corals and sea anemone): sessile
  2. medusa (jellyfish): mobile and umbrella shaped (mouth/anus, and tentacles on the underside)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the defining characteristic that differentiates Cnidaria with Ctenophora

A

cnidarians exhibit bi-radial symmetry while ctenophores exhibit radial symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What larger group of animals do flatworms, mollusks, and segmented worms belong to?

A

lophotrochozoan

22
Q

What is the general body plan of mollusks and how do they feed?

A

foot, visceral mass, and mantle
- radula: tongue-like organ used for feeding

23
Q

What type of animals are found in the phylum Mollusca?

A

snails, slugs, calms, oysters, octopuses, and squids

24
Q

What does Ecdysis mean?

25
What is important about the segmentation found in arthropods? What is the name given to this?
1. tube within a tube body design 2. components of body are repeated in each segment 3. coelom acts as hydrostatic skeleton; move across solid surfaces called the septa
26
Compare and contrast complete vs incomplete metamorphosis.
incomplete: - 3 stages: egg, nymph, adult - nymph looks like an adult but have no wings complete: - 4 stages: egg, larvae, pupa, adult - adult form looks different from larva form
27
What are the 4 distinctive features that all chordates share?
1. notochord: flexible rod that becomes the backbone in vert. 2. dorsal hollow nerve cord: sends electrical signals to coordinate muscle movement, becomes the CNS in verts 3. pharyngeal slits: gills for gas exchange 4. postanal tail: extends posterior to anal opening
28
you should know each of the vertebrate clades + the main synapomorphies that divide the clades on the tree.
cyclostomata (lampreys and hagfish) - vertebral column chondrichthyes (sharks) - jaws actinopterygii (bony fish) - bony skeleton sarcopterygii (lobed fish) - lungs amphibia - limbs reptilia - amniotic egg mammalia - milk, hair
29
How did the hinged jaw develop?
developed from gill arches - 1st and 2nd arches were lost and 3rd arch is modified to form hinged jaws - modern jaw has the 4th gill arch for support
30
What are the 3 features found in bony fish that are lacking in the sharks & rays?
1. skin: interlocking scales that provide stiff but flexible covering (secrete mucus) 2. operculum: bony flap covering gills 3. swim bladder: buoyancy, filled with gas
31
What are the characteristics that make chondrichthyans unique from bony fish?
- need to keep swimming because their body is denser than water - teeth are not set in their jaw / jaw can detach - reproduce three ways: oviparous, ovoviporous, and viviparous
32
What are the 3 major orders of amphibians and what type of fertilization takes place?
1. frogs. 2. toads 3. salamanders external fertilization that occurs in water
33
What are the 3 ways amphibians can take up oxygen?
1. buccal breathing: contract mouth to force air into lungs 2. cutaneous respiration: absorb oxygen through their skin 3. through their gills in the water
34
What are the adaptations that were required for animas to live on land?
1. desiccation resistant skin 2. thoracic breathing 3. water conserving kidneys 4. internal fertilization 5. amniotic eggs 6. new ways of locomotion
35
What is the critical innovation that is seen in the reptiles and mammals that the amphibians lack that finally allowed for vertebrates to break their tie to water?
amniotic eggs
36
What are the 4 major living classes of reptiles? Know some distinguishing characteristics for each.
1. testudines (turtles, tortoises, and terrapins) 2. squamata (lizards and snakes) 3. crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators) 4. aves (birds)
37
How does function depend on surface area to volume ratio?
makes it more efficient
38
Know which animal has a two-, three-, and four-chambered heart.
two: cyclostomata, chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii three: amphibians, testudines, squamata four: crocodilia, aves, mammals
39
What 4 features allowed birds to take flight?
1. Feathers: modified scales, used to stay warm, enabled flight 2. air sacs: 9 air sacs, efficient breathing 3. reduction of organs: single ovary, gonads enlarged during breeding, no urinary bladder, and no teeth 4. lightweight bones: hollow, thin, and honeycombed; enlarged sternum
40
What are 4 unique features of mammals that separate them from other amniotes?
1. mammary glands: produce milk for rapid growth 2. hair: insulator, sensory, many colors (camouflage), defense mechanism 3. specialized teeth: canines, molars, etc for different diets 4. enlarged skulls: allows for a more sophisticated brain
41
What is the hierarchy of organization seen in animal bodies?
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
42
Know the 4 main types of tissues and their functions.
1. epithelial tissue: protect structure, secrete/transport ions and organic molecules 2. connective tissue: connect, surround, anchor, and support the structures of the animal's body 3. muscle tissue: body movement, decrease diameter of a tube, and exert pressure on fluid-filled cavity 4. nervous tissues: receive, generate, and conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another
43
What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue, where are they found, and what is their function?
1. skeletal: locomotion, voluntary, and attached to bones 2. smooth: control tubes's diameter, involuntary, in mammals lungs 3. cardiac: heartbeat, involuntary, found in the heart
44
What are the 6 types of connective tissue? What are their functions?
1. blood: rich in electrolytes, proteins, and other solutes 2. adipose (fat): protection and insulation around internal organs, major energy store 3. bone: support and protection 4. cartilage: flexibility and cushioning of joints 5. loose connective tissue: hold internal organs in place and provides internal framework 6. dense connective tissue: tendons- attach muscle to bone; ligament- attach bone to bone
45
What are tissues and organs?
tissues: collection of similar cells performing a specific function organs: composed of two or more kinds of tissues and perform a specific function
46
Be able to explain and identify how structure and function relate and what they refer to in biology.
increase SA/V ratio increases efficiency without contributing to mass or volume of body part
47
What is homeostasis? What is the fundamental feature of how homeostasis is maintained?
homeostasis: the body's ability to remain unchanged even when the world around it can change - negative feedback loop
48
Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback.
negative: a change in the variable being regulated moves the variable in the opposite direction to the set point positive: process that intensifies the same process
49
What is the difference between an endotherm & ectotherm? Which uses more energy to control body temperature?
endotherm: animals that generate their own internals heat through metabolism (mammals and birds) - uses more energy ectotherm: obtain heat by absorbing it from their surroundings (invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonbird reptiles)
50
What is the difference between a conformer and regulator?
conformer: their internal environment matches that of their external surroundings regulator: regulate interior environment different than the surrounding environment
51
How do water and solutes move through tissues?
osmosis

BIO 182 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions