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BIO 182 > Exam 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Be familiar with the common characteristics of all animals.

A
  • multicellular and heterotrophs
  • lack cell wall but have extensive extra cellular matrix (ECM)
  • most have nerve and muscle cells (except porifera)
  • capacity to move under their own power at some point in their life
  • ability to reproduce sexually
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2
Q

What is the most likely ancestor of animals?

A

choanoflagellets, similar cell structure to early diverging sponges

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3
Q

What are the 3 major features that were traditionally used to classify animals? Know the different variations on these 3 major features.

A
  1. type of body symmetry
  2. presence of absence of different tissues types (germ layers)
  3. specific features in embryonic development
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4
Q

Type of body symmetry

A
  • asymmetric: porifera (sponges)
  • radial symmetry: divided equally around a central axis; ctenophores and cnidarians
  • bilateral symmetry: two equal halves, cephalization; lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa, and deuterostomia
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5
Q

Different tissue types

A

diploblast: animals with two types of tissues (ectoderm and endoderm)

triploblast: animals with three types of tissues (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm)

ectoderm: skin and nervous system
enoderm: digestive tract
mesoderm: circulator system, muscles, skeleton and most organs

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6
Q

What are the features of protostome and deuterostome development?

A

protostome: mouth forms first
- determinate cleavage (fate is determined early)
- cells divide in a spiral pattern
- lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans

deuterostomes: anus forms first mouth forms later
- indeterminate cleavage
- cells divide at right angles
- echinodermata and chordata

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7
Q

you should know each of the invertebrate phylum names (11 total phyla)

A
  • Porifera
  • Ctenophora
  • Cnidaria
  • Rotifera
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Annelida
  • Mollusca
  • Nematoda
  • Arthropoda
  • Echinodermata
  • Chordata
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8
Q

Porifera (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

sponges
asymmetric, none, none
pseudocoelom or no coelom
reproduction: sexual or asexual

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9
Q

ctenophora (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

comb jellies
radial, diploblast, neither
acoelomates (no coelom)
nerve net

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10
Q

cnidaria (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids
radial, diploblast, neither
aceolomate
exist in two forms: polyp and medusa

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11
Q

rotifera (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

bilateral, triploblast, protostome
psuedocoelom
has cilia on corona for suspension, feeding, and swimming

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12
Q

platyhelminthes (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

Flat worms
bilateral, triploblast (first triploblast), protostome
acoelomate
has cerebral ganglia (cluster of nerve cells), not segmented

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13
Q

mollusca (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

snails
bilateral,triploblast, protostomes
true coelom (hemocoel)
has foot, mantle, and visceral mass

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14
Q

annelida (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

Earth worms
bilateral, triploblast, protostome
true coelom, acts as hydrostatic skeleton
Segmented (septa) , setae (chitinous bristles)

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15
Q

nematoda (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

Round worms
bilateral, tirploblast, protostomes
psuedocoelom - hydrostatic skeleton and circulatory system
tough cuticle that covers the body

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16
Q

arthropoda (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

spiders, insects, crustaceans
bilateral, triploblast, protostome
true coelom
cephalization, compound eyes, and tagmata

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17
Q

echinodermata (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

Starfish
modified radial symmetry (larvae are bilateral), triploblast, deuterostomes
True coelom
no cephalization and regenerative body parts

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18
Q

chordata (symmetry, di/tri, pro/duet, coelom, etc)

A

humans
bilateral, triploblast, deuterostomes
true coelom
notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post anal tail

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19
Q

Know the 2 different body forms of Cnidaria.

A
  1. polyp (corals and sea anemone): sessile
  2. medusa (jellyfish): mobile and umbrella shaped (mouth/anus, and tentacles on the underside)
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20
Q

What is the defining characteristic that differentiates Cnidaria with Ctenophora

A

cnidarians exhibit bi-radial symmetry while ctenophores exhibit radial symmetry

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21
Q

What larger group of animals do flatworms, mollusks, and segmented worms belong to?

A

lophotrochozoan

22
Q

What is the general body plan of mollusks and how do they feed?

A

foot, visceral mass, and mantle
- radula: tongue-like organ used for feeding

23
Q

What type of animals are found in the phylum Mollusca?

A

snails, slugs, calms, oysters, octopuses, and squids

24
Q

What does Ecdysis mean?

A

Molting

25
Q

What is important about the segmentation found in arthropods? What is the name given to this?

A
  1. tube within a tube body design
  2. components of body are repeated in each segment
  3. coelom acts as hydrostatic skeleton; move across solid surfaces

called the septa

26
Q

Compare and contrast complete vs incomplete metamorphosis.

A

incomplete:
- 3 stages: egg, nymph, adult
- nymph looks like an adult but have no wings

complete:
- 4 stages: egg, larvae, pupa, adult
- adult form looks different from larva form

27
Q

What are the 4 distinctive features that all chordates share?

A
  1. notochord: flexible rod that becomes the backbone in vert.
  2. dorsal hollow nerve cord: sends electrical signals to coordinate muscle movement, becomes the CNS in verts
  3. pharyngeal slits: gills for gas exchange
  4. postanal tail: extends posterior to anal opening
28
Q

you should know each of the vertebrate clades + the main synapomorphies that divide the clades on the tree.

A

cyclostomata (lampreys and hagfish) - vertebral column
chondrichthyes (sharks) - jaws
actinopterygii (bony fish) - bony skeleton
sarcopterygii (lobed fish) - lungs
amphibia - limbs
reptilia - amniotic egg
mammalia - milk, hair

29
Q

How did the hinged jaw develop?

A

developed from gill arches
- 1st and 2nd arches were lost and 3rd arch is modified to form hinged jaws
- modern jaw has the 4th gill arch for support

30
Q

What are the 3 features found in bony fish that are lacking in the sharks & rays?

A
  1. skin: interlocking scales that provide stiff but flexible covering (secrete mucus)
  2. operculum: bony flap covering gills
  3. swim bladder: buoyancy, filled with gas
31
Q

What are the characteristics that make chondrichthyans unique from bony fish?

A
  • need to keep swimming because their body is denser than water
  • teeth are not set in their jaw / jaw can detach
  • reproduce three ways: oviparous, ovoviporous, and viviparous
32
Q

What are the 3 major orders of amphibians and what type of fertilization takes place?

A
  1. frogs.
  2. toads
  3. salamanders
    external fertilization that occurs in water
33
Q

What are the 3 ways amphibians can take up oxygen?

A
  1. buccal breathing: contract mouth to force air into lungs
  2. cutaneous respiration: absorb oxygen through their skin
  3. through their gills in the water
34
Q

What are the adaptations that were required for animas to live on land?

A
  1. desiccation resistant skin
  2. thoracic breathing
  3. water conserving kidneys
  4. internal fertilization
  5. amniotic eggs
  6. new ways of locomotion
35
Q

What is the critical innovation that is seen in the reptiles and mammals that the amphibians lack that finally allowed for vertebrates to break their tie to water?

A

amniotic eggs

36
Q

What are the 4 major living classes of reptiles? Know some distinguishing characteristics for each.

A
  1. testudines (turtles, tortoises, and terrapins)
  2. squamata (lizards and snakes)
  3. crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators)
  4. aves (birds)
37
Q

How does function depend on surface area to volume ratio?

A

makes it more efficient

38
Q

Know which animal has a two-, three-, and four-chambered heart.

A

two: cyclostomata, chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii

three: amphibians, testudines, squamata

four: crocodilia, aves, mammals

39
Q

What 4 features allowed birds to take flight?

A
  1. Feathers: modified scales, used to stay warm, enabled flight
  2. air sacs: 9 air sacs, efficient breathing
  3. reduction of organs: single ovary, gonads enlarged during breeding, no urinary bladder, and no teeth
  4. lightweight bones: hollow, thin, and honeycombed; enlarged sternum
40
Q

What are 4 unique features of mammals that separate them from other amniotes?

A
  1. mammary glands: produce milk for rapid growth
  2. hair: insulator, sensory, many colors (camouflage), defense mechanism
  3. specialized teeth: canines, molars, etc for different diets
  4. enlarged skulls: allows for a more sophisticated brain
41
Q

What is the hierarchy of organization seen in animal bodies?

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

42
Q

Know the 4 main types of tissues and their functions.

A
  1. epithelial tissue: protect structure, secrete/transport ions and organic molecules
  2. connective tissue: connect, surround, anchor, and support the structures of the animal’s body
  3. muscle tissue: body movement, decrease diameter of a tube, and exert pressure on fluid-filled cavity
  4. nervous tissues: receive, generate, and conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another
43
Q

What are the 3 main types of muscle tissue, where are they found, and what is their function?

A
  1. skeletal: locomotion, voluntary, and attached to bones
  2. smooth: control tubes’s diameter, involuntary, in mammals lungs
  3. cardiac: heartbeat, involuntary, found in the heart
44
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissue? What are their functions?

A
  1. blood: rich in electrolytes, proteins, and other solutes
  2. adipose (fat): protection and insulation around internal organs, major energy store
  3. bone: support and protection
  4. cartilage: flexibility and cushioning of joints
  5. loose connective tissue: hold internal organs in place and provides internal framework
  6. dense connective tissue: tendons- attach muscle to bone; ligament- attach bone to bone
45
Q

What are tissues and organs?

A

tissues: collection of similar cells performing a specific function

organs: composed of two or more kinds of tissues and perform a specific function

46
Q

Be able to explain and identify how structure and function relate and what they refer to in biology.

A

increase SA/V ratio increases efficiency without contributing to mass or volume of body part

47
Q

What is homeostasis? What is the fundamental feature of how homeostasis is maintained?

A

homeostasis: the body’s ability to remain unchanged even when the world around it can change
- negative feedback loop

48
Q

Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback.

A

negative: a change in the variable being regulated moves the variable in the opposite direction to the set point

positive: process that intensifies the same process

49
Q

What is the difference between an endotherm & ectotherm? Which uses more energy to control body temperature?

A

endotherm: animals that generate their own internals heat through metabolism (mammals and birds)
- uses more energy

ectotherm: obtain heat by absorbing it from their surroundings (invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonbird reptiles)

50
Q

What is the difference between a conformer and regulator?

A

conformer: their internal environment matches that of their external surroundings

regulator: regulate interior environment different than the surrounding environment

51
Q

How do water and solutes move through tissues?

A

osmosis

BIO 182 (4 decks)

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