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BIO 182 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is systematics? Taxonomy?

A

systematics: discipline of biology that characterizes and classifies the relationships of all organisms on earth.

taxonomy: science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

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2
Q

What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to broader classifications)? What are the three domains of life?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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3
Q

What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name?

A

Genus species

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4
Q

What are the three different types of phylogenetic groups?

A
  1. monophyletic: common ancestors and all its descendants
  2. paraphyletic: common ancestor but some of its descendants
  3. polyphyletic: groups with different common ancestors
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5
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)?

A

graphical summary that describes the evolutionary relationships among various species

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6
Q

What are the two ways a new species can be formed?

A

cladogenesis: species diverge into two or more species

anagenesis: a species evolves into a different species

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7
Q

What is Homology?

A

similarities among various species

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8
Q

What does cladistics compare?

A

classification of species based on evolutionary relationships to produce phylogenetic trees or cladograms

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9
Q

What is the difference between a primitive character and a derived character?

A

primitive character: shared by two or more taxa from an older common ancestor

derived character: shared by two or more species from the latest common ancestor

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10
Q

What is the Principle of Parsimony?

A

the preferred hypothesis is the most simplest phylogenetic tree

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11
Q

What is the definition of evolution? What are the 2 mechanisms of evolution?

A

heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next
- genetic variation and natural selection

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12
Q

Define Natural Selection.

A

subset of individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring

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13
Q

What 2 observations the theory of natural selection based off of? What conclusion (inference) can be made from these two observations?

A
  1. All species tend to produce excessive numbers of offspring.
  2. Organisms vary, and much of this variation is heritable.
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14
Q

Identify and explain the 5 pieces of evidence for evolution we discussed in class.

A
  1. fossil record: show morphological changes are apparent
  2. biogeography: played key role in revolution of new species from isolated habitats
  3. convergent evolution: two species from different lineages independently evolved similar characteristics because they occupy similar habitats
  4. selective breeding: domesticating species, breeder chooses parents not natural selection
  5. natural selection: alters populations in response to environmental changes
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15
Q

What is the transitional form when found as a fossil?

A

intermediate state between ancestral form and form of its descendants

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of homologies that are seen among species?

A
  1. Anatomical (vestigial structures): anatomical features that have no current function but resemble structures of presumed ancestors.
  2. developmental: species that differ in adult stage but have similarities during the embryonic phase (temporary)
  3. molecular: similarity between organisms at the molecular level due to descent from a common ancestor or interrelated ancestors.
17
Q

What does endemic mean and provide an example?

A

plants and animals that are naturally found in a particular location
- ex: Galapagos finches

18
Q

Explain a gene pool.

A

all alleles for every gene in a given population

19
Q

What is the symbol for the dominant allele frequency in a population? What about the recessive?

A

dominant allele frequency: P
recessive allele frequency: q

20
Q

What are the ultimate sources for all genetic variation?

A
  1. new genetic information: mutations, gene duplications, exon shuffling, horizontal gene transfer
  2. evolutionary mechanisms: natural selection, genetic drift, migration, random mating
21
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg formula? How can it be used?

A

describes the relationship between allele and genotype frequencies in a population

22
Q

What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A
  • no new mutations
  • no natural selection
  • large population
  • no migration
  • random mating
23
Q

Understand, and explain the four general outcomes (patterns) of natural selection.

A
  1. directional selection: extreme phenotypic range have greater reproductive success in a particular environment
  2. stabilizing selection: favors intermediate phenotypes
  3. diversifying (disruptive) selection: favors extreme values of the trait
  4. balancing selection: maintains genetic diversity in a population
24
Q

What is genetic drift? How can it influence allele frequencies in a population? What size populations are most susceptible to genetic drift?

A

changes in allele frequency due to random chance
- favors either elimination or fixation of an allele in a population
- greater effect in smaller populations

25
Q

What is gene flow? Does it increase or decrease genetic differences between populations?

A

transfer of alleles into and out of a population when individuals move to a population with different allele frequencies
- reduce differences in allele frequencies between neighboring populations
- increase genetic diversity within a population

26
Q

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

A

microevolution: small scale of changes in allele frequencies n
macroevolution: produce new species and groups of species

27
Q

What are the different species concepts and how do they differ from each other?

A

biological species concept: individuals that interbreed and produce viable offspring in nature, can’t interbreed with other species

evolutionary lineage concept: each new species is the direct result of speciation from an immediate ancestral species

morpho species concept: evolutionary independent lineages by different size, shape, or other morphological features

28
Q

What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation? Be able to identify and give examples of each.

A

allopatric speciation: when a population becomes isolated from other populations and evolves into one or more species- may involve a geographic barrier

sympatric speciation: when members of a species within the same range diverge into two or more different species even though there are no physical barriers

29
Q

What are prezygotic barriers? Give examples of each (5 pre and 3 post).

A

habitat isolation: species occupy different habitats
temporal isolation: species have different mating or flowering seams or times of day
behavioral isolation: differences in behavior or physiology
mechanical isolation: incompatible genitalia
gametic isolation: gametes fail to unite with each other

30
Q

What are postzygotic barriers? Give examples of each (5 pre and 3 post).

A

hybrid inviability: fertilized egg fails to develop past the early embryonic stages
hybrid sterility: hybrid survives but it is sterile
hybrid breakdown: the F1 hybrid is viable and fertile but the succeeding generations become inviable

31
Q

Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in the history of life on earth.

A

13.7 bya: big bang
4.6 bya: solar system
4.55 bya: Earth was formed
4 bya: Earth’s outer layer cooled and oceans formed
4-3.5 bya: first life emerged as single-celled microbes

32
Q

What is the Cambrian Explosion?

A

due to high oxygen levels species highly diversified, used new habitats and defense mechanisms

33
Q

What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the accumulation of atmospheric oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago?

A
  • increased in animal body size associated with increased in O2 levels through aerobic respiration
34
Q

Explain the two-stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, what organelles provide evidence for and be able to define endosymbiosis.

A
  1. individual cells aggregated to form a colony
  2. single cels divides and resulting cells adhere
    endosymbiosis: smaller organism lives inside a larger organism
    - nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast
35
Q

What is the fossil record?

A

a window into the history of Earth

36
Q

We talked about several things that could affect the fossil record & create bias, be able to identify and explain these factors.

A
  1. anatomy: hard body parts are more likely to be preserved
  2. size: larger organism are more likely to be found
  3. number: greater numbers are more likely to be preserved
  4. environment: inland species are less likely to become fossilized than marine environment
  5. time: lived relatively recent or existed for a long time are more likely to be fossilized
  6. geological processes: certain organisms are more likely to be preserved due to chemical composition
  7. paleontology: certain types of fossils may be more interesting compared to others
37
Q

How many mass extinctions have been identified in the fossil record?

A

five mass extinctions

38
Q

What three important principles found among multicellular organisms did volvocine algae elucidate?

A
  1. multicellular organisms arise from a single cell that divides to produce daughter cells that adhere
  2. daughter cells have different fates- produce different cell types
  3. as organisms get larger, they have a greater proportion of somatic cells

BIO 182 (4 decks)

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