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BIO 182 > Exam 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Understand the phylogenetic tree of the three Domains of life. How are they related to each other? (Where are the branches, what is closer related to what?)

A

3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Eukarya and Archaea are more closely related to each other

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2
Q

What Domain of prokaryotes are the extremophiles? What are the features that allows them to be tolerant of extreme conditions?

A

Archaea
- ether bonds in their membrane lipids
- isoprene chains instead of fatty acid chains
- protein cell wall instead of peptidoglycan

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3
Q

What are cyanobacteria? What makes them a special group of Bacteria?

A

cyanobacteria: photosynthetic and produce oxygen
- responsible for chloroplasts in eukaryotes
- responsible for eutrophication
- generate organic compounds
- high body diversity

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4
Q

Be able to explain what horizontal gene transfer is, and what it can be responsible for.

A

organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its offspring
- respond and adapt to their environment much more rapidly by acquiring large DNA sequences from another bacterium in a single transfer

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5
Q

Name the different types of organisms that use different energy and carbon sources for the six major modes of nutrition.

A

autotrophs: produce organic compounds from inorganic sources
- photoautotrophs: light source for energy, organic compounds from CO2, H2O, and H2S
- chemolithoautotrophs: energy from inorganic compounds
- chemoorganotrophs: oxidize sugar to make ATP and methane

Heterotrophs: require organic compounds from the environment
- photoheterotrophs: light energy to generate ATP
- chemolithoheterotrophs: energy from inorganic sources and absorb organic molecules for carbon source
-chemoheterotrophs: organic molecules for energy and carbon source

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6
Q

What organisms are responsible for plastids during endosymbiotic events?

A

land plants, green algae, and red algae

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7
Q

What is the difference between akinetes and endospores?

A

akinetes: dormant cells filled with food to survive harsh conditions

endospores: dormant cell that preserves genetic information

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8
Q

What type of reproduction do protists carry out?

A

asexual reproduction: based on mitotic cell division, daughter cell is genetically identical
sexual reproduction: based on meiotic cell division and fusion of gametes, daughter cells are genetically different from parents

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9
Q

What are the different types of endosymbiosis? What did this lead to?

A
  1. primary: heterotrophic cell captured cyanobacteria but did not digest (red/green algae)
  2. secondary: eukaryotic host cell ingest and retains a primary plastid
  3. tertiary: secondary plastic is engulfed by a heterotrophic eukaryote
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10
Q

Be able to annotate the asexual and sexual fungal life cycle with processes, phases, and ploidy level.

A
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11
Q

What are hyphae? And what is the term for a woven network of hyphae?

A

filament that makes up mycelia
- mycelia (mycelium)

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12
Q

Be able to compare and contrast the 2 major types of mycorrhizal fungi. What types of plants are each associated with, how they grow and exchange material with their host, etc.…

A

ecotmycorrhiza (EM): form partnerships with temperate forest trees and soil fungi; beech, oak, pine, and spruce trees

arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM): hyphae penetrates space between root cell wall and plasma membrane of plant roots; crops, shrubs, herbaceous plants, grasslands, and tropical forests

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13
Q

How do fungal hyphae grow?

A

by extending their tips through osmosis (cytoplasmic streaming)

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14
Q

What are plants most recent common ancestor?

A

green algae

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15
Q

What were the adaptations that allowed land plants to adapt to living on land?

A
  1. preventing water: production of cuticle, stoma, sporopollenin
  2. providing UV radiation protection: plant pigment (flaveroids)
  3. upright growth: to avoid falling, transport water, and nutrients (vascular tissue)
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16
Q

Understand the difference between a sporophyte and gametophyte forms of plants. Which one is haploid and which is diploid? What structure starts each phase?

A

sporophyte: multicellular diploid stage that produces haploid spores

gametophyte: multicellular haploid produces haploid gametes

17
Q

What is meant by alternation of generations in terms of a plant’s life cycle? Be able to identify each generation when shown a plant life cycle. Which generations are dominant?

A

plants lifestyle alternates between a meiosis (haploid) phase that produces gametes and mitosis phase that produces spores

18
Q

What is homosporous and heterosporous? And which plant groups show this type of life cycle.

A

heterosporous: megaspore (ovule/female) and microspore (pollen/male)
- seed plants
homosporous: one type of spore produced from one kind of sporangium
- nonvascular plants and most seedless vascular plants

19
Q

What were adaptations of bryophytes to land?

A
  • go from gametophyte dominant to sporophyte dominant
  • develop vascular tissue + have a root system
  • still produce spores
20
Q

What is the pattern associated with gametophyte vs. sporophyte dominance as plants continued to evolve?

A

gametophyte dominant: gametes are motile and need water to reproduce, no vascular tissue, grow close to the ground

sporophyte: vascular tissue, respond better to environmental conditions, free-living, no longer dependent

21
Q

What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries water? In what direction does it move?

A

xylem, moves water from the roots to the rest of the plant

22
Q

What is the name of the vascular tissue that carries food (sugars and nutrients)? In what direction does it move?

A

phloem, bi-directional (upward and downward)

23
Q

What is a seed and what is its evolutionary advantage?

A

allow for delayed germination until environmental conditions are favorable
- encloses embryos that contain carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins that enable embryo growth

24
Q

Be able to explain the characteristics (and parts) of the ovule.

A

structure that develops into a seed
- integument: protective layer and prevent desiccation
- micropyle: small opening in integument where fertilization takes place
- ovule: megasporangium

25
Q

What is a flower? Be able to identify all structures on a flower.

A

reproductive organ, faster seed and pollen production

26
Q

What are the 4 whorls of a flower? Be able to explain the function of each of the whorls.

A
  1. calyx: all the sepals, protect flower bud
  2. corolla: all the petals, attract pollinators
  3. stamen: male parts, produce pollen
  4. carpel: female parts, develop into fruit after fertilization
27
Q

What is double fertilization and the structures involved in angiosperms? Be able to explain how this fits into the life cycle of flowering plants.

A

one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other fuses with 2 gametophyte nuclei to form the first endosperm cell

28
Q

What are characteristics of monocots versus dicots?

A

monocots: one cotyledon, vascular tissue scattered, parallel veins in leaves, petals in multiples of 3

dicots (eudicots): two cotyledons, vascular tissue in circular arrangement, branching veins in leaves, petals in multiples of 4 or 5

29
Q

What ploidy level is the food source found in angiosperm seeds?

A

endosperm, 3n

30
Q

What is a fruit?

A

develop from flowers and disperse seeds

31
Q

What do plants use as strategies of animal pollination? And what animals are attracted to these strategies?

A
  • color of their petals (moths will go to white flowers in the night)
  • mimic female animals such as bees
  • shape for specific pollinators for nectar
32
Q

What are the 3 main organ systems?

A
  1. leaves
  2. shoot/stem
  3. roots
33
Q

What are the 3 plant tissue systems? What are the functions of each one? Give examples of the different structures/tissues found in each tissue systems.

A
  1. dermal tissue (epidermis): outer covering, protection from water loss, herbivores, and disease
  2. vascular tissue: vessels throughout plant, xylem and phloem
  3. ground tissues: photosynthesis, storage, and support
34
Q

What is primary growth in plants? Where does it always happen?

A

extend length of stem and root from apical meristems

35
Q

The apical meristem gives rise to what 3 primary meristems? In turn each of these three primary meristems give rise to which tissue systems?

A

protoderm -> dermal tissue (epidermis)
ground meristem -> ground tissue
procambium -> vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

36
Q

What is secondary growth in plants? From where does this type of growth take place?

A

increases stem/root width from lateral meristems

37
Q

What are the two lateral meristems in plants?

A

vascular cambium: forms between xylem and phloem in a cylinder
- secondary xylem: wood
- secondary phloem: inner bark

cork cambium: produces cork (outer bark) -> dead when mature

38
Q

What is the purpose of roots?

A
  1. absorb water and nutrients
  2. anchor the plant in soil
  3. store nutrients

BIO 182 (4 decks)

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