exam 4 step by step

Question 1

Ventral horn

Answer 1

Contains motor neurons for skeletal muscles

Question 2

Doral Horn

Answer 2

Contains sensory neurons receiving signals from the body

Question 3

Lateral Horn

Answer 3

Contain cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the ANS

Question 4

Gray Commissure

Answer 4

Connects the two sides of the spinal cords gray matter

Question 5

Central cCanal

Answer 5

Contains CSF

Question 6

White Matter

Answer 6

surrounds the gray matter, made of ascending and descending nerve tracts

Question 7

Cauda equina

Answer 7

Roots of spinal nerves hanging from the lower end

Question 8

Conus Medullaris

Answer 8

the tapered end of the spinal cord (L1-L2)

Question 9

Filum Terminale

Answer 9

Extension of pia mater anchoring the spinal cord to the coccyx

Question 10

Ascending tracts:

Answer 10

Spinocerebellar
Posterior Funiculus
Lateral spinothalamic
Anterior Spinothalamic

Question 11

Descending Tracts

Answer 11

Corticospinal
Tectospinal
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal

Question 12

Spinocerebellar is for?

Answer 12

Propioception to the cerebellum

Question 13

Posterior funiculcus

Answer 13

Light touch , pressure, and proprioception

Question 14

Lateral spinothalamic

Answer 14

Pain and temperature

Question 15

Anterior spinothalamic

Answer 15

Crude touch and pressure

Question 16

Corticospinal/pyramidal pathway starts at?

Answer 16

primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

Question 17

Extrapyramidal pathway starts at

Answer 17

brain stem nuclei

Question 18

Flaccid partalysis occurs

Answer 18

when there is damage to lower motor neurons

Skeletal muscle is unable to receive any stiumulation so becomes limp and without muscle tone

Question 19

Spastic paralysis is?

Answer 19

Occurs when there is damage to primary motor cortex or upper motor neuron

There is no voluntary control but muscles can still contract reflectibley and over time become stiff and tighted with excessive muscle tone.

Question 20

Somatic reflex step by step : direct reflex (monosynaptic) and what is the example

Answer 20

1. 1st order sensory neurons deliver impulses to and synapse with lower motor neurons
2. the lower motor neurons then transmit impulses out to a skeletal muscle.

Stretch reflex:
1. the elongation of muscle causes stretch receptors to generate impulses on 1st orde sensory neurons
2. 1st order sensory neuron transmit impulses to the spinal corde
3. lower motor neurons transmit the impulses back to the original elongated muscle, which responds by contracting
4. maintains myscle tone and upright.

Question 21

Indirect reflex is? and what are the examples

Answer 21

an association neuron connects the 1st order sensory neuron with the lower motor neurons

Flexor reflex:
1. caused by extreme pain.
2. receptors on 1st order sensory neurons generate impulses that are transmitted to the spinal cord
3. 1st order snesnory neurons synapse with association enurons and
4.association neurons synapse with lower motor neurons
5.lower motor neurons terminate at and stiumlate contraction of a flexor.

Deep tendon reflex
1.cuased by extreme tension in muslce, and stiumulates a proprioceptor in its tendon
2. pathway is the same as in a flexor excpet the lower motor neurons are inhibited.

Question 22

ANS is for? and where is it received by? and works with?

Answer 22

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

received by the hypothalamus, brain stem/spinal cord sent to cardiac and smooth muscles.

works with endocrine

Question 23

ANS has two motor neuron pathways

Answer 23

1. preganglionic neuron
   cell body is in the lateral horns of gray matter
2. postganglioninc neuron
   cell body in a ganglia

Question 24

ANS has two divisions. and both are coordinated by?

Answer 24

1. parasympathetic : rest
2. sympathetic : fight or flight

coordinate by the hypothalamus

Question 25

Parasympathetic

Answer 25

1. fibers originate in the brain stem or sacral spinal cord
2. preganglionic fibers are long
3. postganglionic fibers are short
4. gangli

Question 26

Dorsal Root is for?

Answer 26

Sensory neurons

Question 27

Ventral Root is for?

Answer 27

Motor neurons

Question 28

Dorsal Horn is for?

Answer 28

Interneurons

Question 29

Sympathetic Nervous cell bodies are found in?

Answer 29

Lateral horns of gray matter in throacic and upper lumbar regions (T1-L2)

Question 30

Pathway axons for sympathetic Preganglionic

Answer 30

1. exit spinal cord via the ventral root and join the spinal nerve
2. white rami communicates: Axons then travel to the white rami communicants, entering the sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 31

The 3 ways the preganglionic of sympathetic can move

Answer 31

1. synapse at same level : synpase with post gagnlionic in the sympathetic chain ganglionic
2. travel up or down the chain: preganglionic travels higher or lower before synapsing with post.
3. pass through without synapse: pre can pass through the chain and form splanchnic nerves, traving to collateral ganglia in the abdominal cavity
   - Synpase in collateral ganglia
   or
   - travel directly to the adrenal medulla where they stimulate the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine into the blood stream .

Question 32

Postganglionic in Sympathetic

Answer 32

Norepinephrine is released by most postganglionic

Acetylcholine is released at sweat glands and binds to muscranic receptors to regulate sweat production .