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Anatomy I > Exam 4- Special Senses > Flashcards

Exam 4- Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

the 5 special senses

A 
smell 
taste
hearing
sight
equilibrium
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2
Q

which senses are not special?

A

touch and stretch

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3
Q

how do special senses differ from general senses?

A

special senses have complex sensory receptors

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4
Q

the 2 chemical senses

A

gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell)

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5
Q

sensory receptor for gustation

A

taste bud

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6
Q

where are taste buds located?

A

in mucous papillae of tongue

and on soft palate (roof of mouth), cheeks, pharynx, epiglottis

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7
Q

papillae

A

projections on tongue which contain taste buds

fungiform & circumvallate

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8
Q

roughly how many taste buds are on the human tongue?

A

10k

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9
Q

fungiform papillae

A

scattered all over the surface of tongue

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10
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

way in the back of the tongue, form a V
very large and lumpy
there are 7-12 on tongue

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11
Q

structural components of taste bud

A 
gustatory cells
supporting cells 
basal cells
taste pore
gustatory hair
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12
Q

gustatory cells

A

taste bud cells

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13
Q

supporting cells of taste bud and olfactory receptor cells

A

cells surrounding receptor cells, most numerous

support, protect, and nourish sensory receptor cell

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14
Q

basal cells of taste buds and olfactory cells

A

stem cells that can become sensory receptor cells or supporting cells
at base of sensory receptor cells and supporting cells
actively reproducing- divide and replace continuously

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15
Q

taste pore

A

opening in taste bud

contain gustatory hairs

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16
Q

gustatory hairs

A

membrane that interact with the chemical (where chemicals flood/bind)
comes out of taste pores
extension of plasma membrane of gustatory cells

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17
Q

basic taste sensations

A 
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umami
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18
Q

which chemicals promote intake of what you’re eating (make you want to eat more)

A

sweet (sugars and alcohols) and salty (metal ions)

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19
Q

which chemicals activate sweet taste receptors?

A

sugars and alcohols

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20
Q

which chemicals activate salty taste receptors?

A

metal ions

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21
Q

which chemicals activate sour taste receptors?

A

acids

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22
Q

which chemicals activate bitter taste receptors?

A

alkaloids (nicotine, caffeine), and non-alkaloids (aspirin, beer hopps)

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23
Q

which taste sensation is a preventative, protective response?

A

bitter
this taste reduces the desire to eat
bitter is often associated with nitrogenous compounds, which could be toxic

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24
Q

which chemicals activate umami taste receptors?

A

glutamate (an amino acid)

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25
Q

what flavor is umami

A

“cooked meat”

glutamate gives foods extra flavor

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26
Q

t/f taste receptors all have the same threshold of how much of the chemical has to bind before it gets an action potential

A

false!

different receptors have different thresholds

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27
Q

do taste bud receptors adapt rapidly or slowly?

A

rapidly

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28
Q

physiology of taste (process)

A
  1. chemical dissolves in saliva
  2. chemical binds to gustatory hairs
  3. gustatory cell membrane depolarizes
  4. generator potentials created
  5. action potential is sent to CNS through cranial nerves
  6. neurotransmitter released
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29
Q

what mechanism of depolarization is used for salty and sour?

A

channel-linked (direct)

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30
Q

what mechanism of depolarization is used for bitter, sweet, and umami?

A

G-protein linked (indirect)

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31
Q

where in the CNS are action potentials sent for taste?

A

first to solitary nucleus in medulla
then through thalamus to gustatory cortex
also to hypothalamus (this is limbic system –> causes emotional run to food)

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32
Q

3 functions of taste

A

trigger digestive reflex
gagging
vomiting

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33
Q

sympathetic responses to taste

A

gagging and vomiting

these are preservation reflexes

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34
Q

parasympathetic response to taste

A

trigger digestive reflex
salivate, stomach produces gastric juice, get active and ready to digest
we taste something –> we like it –> activates digestive system

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35
Q

where is olfactory epithelium located?

A

located in the mucosa at roof of nasal cavity

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36
Q

structural components of olfactory receptor

A 
olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells
olfactory  cilia
filaments of olfactory nerve
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37
Q

smell receptor cells

A

olfactory receptor cells

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38
Q

olfactory cilia

A

part that actually interacts with the chemical
hairlike extensions off olfactory receptor cells
on dendritic end of receptor cells (synapse with olfactory nerve)
embedded within mucosa
specific to certain chemicals

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39
Q

Olfactory receptor cells synapse with________ a the cribriform plate

A

filaments of the olfactory nerve

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40
Q

physiology of smell (process)

A
  1. gaseous molecules enter nasal cavity
  2. dissolves in epithelial mucus
  3. dissolved chemicals bind to receptor molecules on olfactory cilia
  4. receptor potential generated
  5. action potential transferred through filaments
  6. synapse with olfactory bulbs at glomeruli
  7. action potential sent to CNS via olfactory tracts
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41
Q

t/f olfactory receptors are off until a chemical turns them on

A

true

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42
Q

CNS destinations for smell

A

first to thalamus
thalamus –> olfactory cortex
hypothalamus –> amygdala and limbic system

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43
Q

what happens in olfactory cortex

A

interpretation and identification of smell

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44
Q

what happens when smell goes to amygdala and limbic system

A

elicits emotional response to odors

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45
Q

t/f concentration of scent chemical in the air has to be very high to elicit an emotional response

A

false! it can be quite minute and still elicit emotion

think aromatherapy

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46
Q

functions of smell

A

sympathetic activity
parasympathetic activity
sneezing
choking

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47
Q

preventive activity functions of smell

A

sneezing and choking

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48
Q

sympathetic activity functions of smell

A

we smell things that put us in attack/defense mode

we tend to gravitate toward the smell

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49
Q

pheremones

A

scents that elicit sexual arousal

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50
Q

parasympathetic activity function of smell

A

when you smell a good thing, digestion may begin

stomach starts churning, start salivating, etc

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51
Q

you’re walking down your street and all of a sudden catch a whiff of char-broiled burgers coming from your neighbors house. your stomach starts to churn and you start to salivate. is this a sympathetic or parasympathetic function of smell?

A

parasympathetic

it is related to digestion

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52
Q

sensory receptor of vision

A

eyeball

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53
Q

70% of all sensory receptors are in which structure?

A

eyes

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54
Q

accessory eye structures

A 
eyebrows
eyelids
eyelashes
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus
extrinsic eye muscles
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55
Q

eyebrows function

A

filter sunlight and divert sweat

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56
Q

eyelids function

A 
cover eye (protection) and lubricate eyes
facilitate blinking
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57
Q

eyelashes function

A

filter for dust particles

base has root hair plexus around it

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58
Q

blinking

A

an involuntary thing
when something touches the eye we blink
blinking moves around fluid in eye

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59
Q

conjunctiva

A

transparent mucus membrane on inside of eyes

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60
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

liquid producing gland in the eye

made of the lacrimal gland and lacrimal duct

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61
Q

lacrimal gland

A

located on anterior lateral portion of eyeball (like below eyebrow arch)
secretes liquid, which exits onto eye; then blinking moves liquid around

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62
Q

lacrimal duct

A

“tear duct”
on medial side of eye
drains liquid from eyeball into nose

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63
Q

why does our nose get runny when we cry or when our eye is irritated?

A

the lacrimal duct, which drains liquid from the eye, drains this liquid through the nose

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64
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A

there are 3 on each side (6 total)

moves eye within the socket

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65
Q

nystagmus

A

eyes jittering back and forth

high/drunk driving test

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66
Q

3 meta structures of the eyes

A

tunics
humors
lens

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67
Q

tunics

A 
wall of eyeball, provide the ball shape
fibrous tunic (outermost)
vascular tunic (uvea; middle)
sensory tunic (retina; innermost)
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68
Q

fibrous tunic

A

outermost tunic, functions in protection

contains sclera and cornea

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69
Q

sclera

A

white part of eye that extends all the way around back

part of fibrous tunic

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70
Q

cornea

A

transparent part of eye right over the front of the eye

part of fibrous tunic

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71
Q

vascular tunic

A

aka uvea
middle tunic layer (immediately deep to fibrous)
contains choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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72
Q

choroid

A

layer of eye full of blood vessels to nourish eye and allow exchange
part of vascular tunic

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73
Q

ciliary body

A

intrinsic eye muscles that attach to lens by the suspensory ligaments for focusing
modification of choroid that goes completely around lens

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74
Q

suspensory ligaments function

A

connect ciliary body to lens

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75
Q

iris

A

modification of choroid that is only in front of the lens
highly pigmented (genetically determined)
contains pupil (hole in iris)
part of vascular tunic

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76
Q

sensory tunic

A

aka retina
innermost tunic
highly neural sensory portion of eye
contains pigmented layer and neural layer

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77
Q

humors of the eye

A

fluids within the eye that help it to maintain shape

vitreous humor and aqueous humor

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78
Q

vitreous humor

A

gel-like, behind lens
created as embryo, is never replaced
maintains intraocular pressure
posterior humor

79
Q

aqueous humor

A

more watery, in front of lens
liquid secreted by ciliary body
continuously replaced
anterior humor

80
Q

lens

A

changes shape to bend light for focusing
is adjustable
biconvex (rounded on both sides)

81
Q

pigmented layer of retina

A

light-absorbing layer
furthest back part of retina
last part of the eye for light to reach

82
Q

neural layer of retina

A

includes neurons, sensory receptor cells, and photoreceptors

83
Q

layers of neural layer of retina from front to back

A

ganglion cells (furthest front)
bipolar cells
photoreceptors

84
Q

photoreceptors

A

receptors specific for light energy

rods and cones

85
Q

rods

A

most numerous photoreceptor
function best in dim light
give us good peripheral vision

86
Q

cones

A

photoreceptor involved with color vision
function best in bright light
give us visual acuity

87
Q

bipolar cell layer of retina

A

synapse with photoreceptors

relay photoreceptors to ganglion cells

88
Q

ganglion cell layer of retina

A

carry signals to the brain

axons of ganglion cells gather together to create optic nerve

89
Q

cataracts

A

clouding of lens

this is cumulative over time

90
Q

what promotes cataracts? what prevents them?

A

promotes: cigarette smoking and UV radiation
prevents: vitamin C

91
Q

properties of light

A

absorbance, transmittance, reflection, refraction

92
Q

human vision only uses part of the light energy available- what is this called? what wavelengths?

A

visible light spectrum

400-700 nm

93
Q

how does electromagnetic radiation relate to color?

A

wavelengths of light are each linked to specific colors

94
Q

photon

A

unit of light

95
Q

transmission

A

the light that passes through an object and is given back off because it wasn’t absorbed

96
Q

process of seeing a green shirt

A
  1. all wavelengths of light except green are absorbed by shirt
  2. the green wavelengths are transmitted and reach your eyes
  3. transmitted wavelength goes into your eyeball and stimulates a cone for that specific wavelength
  4. we understand the color generated
97
Q

reflection

A

light bounces off of a surface (no absorption or transmittance)
bounces off glass, water, side of car, etc

98
Q

refraction

A

bending of light

99
Q

what causes light to bend/refract?

A

photons are moving through medium at a constant rate, when they reach a new medium –> their speed changes –> light gets bent

100
Q

at what places does light bend on its way to the retina?

A
  1. from the air into the cornea
  2. from the cornea into the aqueous humor
  3. from the aqueous humor into the lens
  4. from the lens into the vitreous humor
101
Q

how does the lens work?

A

light comes to the eye from all angles, and the lens converges all of these lights into a single point (focal point) on the cakewalked of they eye at the retina

102
Q

emmetropic eye

A

perfect vision, focal point lands on retina with no extra help

103
Q

myopic eye

A

“nearsighted”

focal point is in front of retina

104
Q

hyperopic eye

A

“farsighted”

focal point is behind retina

105
Q

how to eyeglasses work?

A

they act as an additional lens to bend the light again so that the focal point will land on the retina

106
Q

how to correct a myopic eye

A

use a concave lens

107
Q

how to correct a hyperopic eye

A

use a convex lens

108
Q

mechanisms of focusing in the eyes

A

accommodation of lenses
constriction of pupils
convergence of eyeballs

109
Q

accommodation of lenses

A

lens changes shape to let light in; ciliary muscles contract and change length of suspensory ligaments; which changes shape of lens
intrinsic eye muscles are what change the shape of lens

110
Q

constriction of pupils

A

constricting pupils decreases amount of light that can reach the lens
helps us focus better on only what is in front of us

111
Q

in low light, is the pupil larger or smaller?

112
Q

in bright light, is the pupil larger or smaller?

113
Q

convergence of eyeballs

A

we want both of our eyeballs aligning on what we’re looking at

114
Q

near-focal distance

A

point where your eyes can no longer converge and focus on an object
(as your moving it in closer)

115
Q

sensory receptors for eyes

A

photoreceptors

116
Q

components of photoreceptor

A 
outer segment
inner segment
cell body
inner fiber
outer fiber
synaptic endings
117
Q

outer segment of photoreceptor

A

furthers part from cell body (closest to epithelium)

contains photopigments, arranged in discs

118
Q

2 parts of photopigments

A

retinol (derivative of vitamin A) and opsin (a protein)

we get retinol from food and opsin from our body

119
Q

how many different types of photoreceptors can retinol and opsin make?

A

retinol and opsin combine in 4 different ways to make 4 different photoreceptors that respond to different wavelengths of light

120
Q

inner segment of photoreceptor

A

closer to cell body

contain mitochondria

121
Q

t/f to activate photoreceptors, we turn them off

122
Q

cell body of photoreceptors

A

found in both rods and cones

on dendritic side

123
Q

inner fiber of photoreceptor

A

found in all photoreceptors

axon running away from cell body (between cell body and synapse)

124
Q

outer fiber of photoreceptor

A

only found in rods

125
Q

synaptic endings of photoreceptors

A

synapses with bipolar cells to ganglion cells to optic nerve to brain

126
Q

t/f visual receptors are always on

127
Q

what is the stimulus that activates rods and cones

A

light energy

128
Q

what happens when light hits photoreceptors?

A

it changes the rate of action potential being transferred

129
Q

process of photoreceptor action

A
  1. visual pigments absorb light
  2. light triggers breakdown of pigment (photobleaching)
    • retinol separates from opsin
    • cGMP is destroyed (secondary messenger)
    • Na ion gates close
  3. photoreceptors hyperpolarize
  4. release of neurotransmitter is inhibited (light activation)
130
Q

what happens in photobleaching

A

it is an indirect mechanism
retinol separates from opsin
cGMP (secondary messenger) is destroyed
Na gates close

131
Q

what happens when photoreceptors hyperpolarize?

A

photoreceptors get shut off –> brain realizes that the color-specific receptor is shut off –> brain interprets color of what we just saw

132
Q

what is light activation in terms of photoreceptor action?

A

when bipolar cells do not receive neurotransmitter from photoreceptors

133
Q

visual pathway to the brain (process)

A
  1. axons of retinal ganglion cells comprise the optic nerve
  2. cross at optic chiasma
  3. continue on as optic tracts
  4. send signal to:
    • thalamus –> primary visual cortex
    • midbrain –> superior colliculus
134
Q

how does the optic chiasma work

A

medial fibers from each eye cross to opposite sides
visual info from both eyes goes to both halves of brain
this gives us a good stereostopic field of vision

135
Q

we’re only consciously aware we’re seeing something once it reaches the ______

A

primary visual cortex

136
Q

superior colliculus

A

visual reflex center

controls extrinsic eye muscles

137
Q

unconscious part of brain that gets sent visual signal

A

midbrain to superior colliculus

138
Q

which two senses is the ear involved with?

A

hearing and equilibrium

139
Q

outer ear

A

involved in hearing only

contains pinna, helix, lobule, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane

140
Q

pinna

A

“radar dish”
bendy flap that collects and bends sound to bounce it into ear canal
contains helix (cartilage) and lobule (earlobe)
part of outer ear

141
Q

external auditory canal

A

descends down deeper into ear
at the very end is the tympanic membrane
transfers sound
part of outer ear

142
Q

tympanic membrane

A

aka eardrum
thin tissue layer
dividing line between outer and middle ear
part of outer ear

143
Q

middle ear

A

involved in hearing only

contains oval window, round window, pharyngotympanic tube, and ossicles

144
Q

oval window

A

pushed up against by stapes
(between stapes and vestibule)
part of middle ear

145
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A

connects middle ear to pharynx (throat)
how we equalize pressure in the middle ear (middle ear has to be same pressure as atmosphere)
aka eustachian tube

146
Q

ossicles

A

tiny bones of middle ear
bounce sound
malleus, incus, stapes

147
Q

malleus pushes against which structure of ear?

A

tympanic membrane

148
Q

inner ear

A

hearing AND balance

contains bony labyrinth, vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, perilymph, membranous labyrinth, and endolymph

149
Q

bony labyrinth

A

tunnels within skull bones that are lined by membranous labyrinth
contains vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

150
Q

vestibule

A

part of bony labyrinth that is immediately after oval window

contains saccule, utricle, and maculae

151
Q

saccule

A

part of vestibule continuous with cochlea

152
Q

utricle

A

part of vestibule continuous with semicircular canals

153
Q

maculae

A

receptors for equilibrium and balance

found in saccule and utricle

154
Q

semicircular canals

A

equilibrium part of ear
part of bony labyrinth- one direction from vestibule
3 semicircular canals: anterior, posterior, lateral
contains ampulla

155
Q

anterior semicircular canal

A

runs vertical

156
Q

posterior semicircular canal

A

runs on diagonal

157
Q

lateral semicircular canal

A

runs horizontal

158
Q

ampulla

A

swollen pockets a ends of each semicircular canal

contain crista ampullara

159
Q

cochlea

A

tubelike coil
hearing part of inner ear
part of bony labyrinth- one direction from vestibule
contains cochlear duct, organ of corti, and scalas

160
Q

cochlear duct

A

coil running through cochlear tube

161
Q

organ of corti

A

receptor for hearing

162
Q

scalas

A

chambers of cochlear duct

163
Q

perilymph

A

lines outside of bony labyrinth

164
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

part of inner ear that contains endolymph

lines inside of bony labyrinth

165
Q

endolymph

A

fluid secreted by membranous labyrinth in inner ear

166
Q

sound

A

the stimulus that activates organ of corti

travels in waves

167
Q

t/f organ of corti is off until turned on

168
Q

frequency

A

how fast a wave is moving

faster = higher pitch

169
Q

loudness

A

height (amplitude) of wave

taller = louder

170
Q

how do different frequencies affect hearing?

A

different frequencies cause hair cells to be bent in different parts of organ of corti

171
Q

hearing process

A
  1. sounds set up vibrations in air
  2. vibrations are focused through external auditory canal to tympanic membrane
  3. tympanic membrane vibrates
  4. vibrations transfer to auditory ossicles
  5. stapes presses fluids of inner ear at oval window
  6. force of fluids activates organ of corti
  7. neurons are stimulated (action potential)
  8. signal is sent to brain
172
Q

components of organ of corti

A

supporting cells
cochlear hair cells
cochlear nerve

173
Q

cochlear hair cells

A

receptor cells

waves of endolymph pass by and cause hair cells to bend –> causes signal or action potential

174
Q

cochlear nerve

A

axons of all the cochlear hair cells

175
Q

process of activation of organ of corti

A
  1. endolymph waves bend cochlear hair cells
  2. bending opens cation channels, causes depolarization
    - or closes cation channels, causing re- or hyper-polarization
  3. depolarization increases release of neurotransmitter
  4. signal sent through spinal ganglion –> cochlear nerve –> medulla –> midbrain –> auditory cortex
    • also to thalamus, then midbrain
176
Q

t/f #of cochlear hair cels activated depends on loudness

177
Q

3 ways in which we differentiate sounds

A

pitch
loudness
direction

178
Q

how do we differentiate sounds based on pitch

A

cochlear hair cells are specific to different pitches

179
Q

how do we differentiate sounds based on loudness

A

based on location of hair cells

180
Q

how do we differentiate sounds based on direction

A

timing/frequency of action potentials to each ear helps us differentiate where sound came from

181
Q

sensors involved in equilibrium

A

inner ear –> vestibular apparatus
eyes
stretch receptors

182
Q

maculae components

A

supporting cells
hair cells (detect movement)
otolithic membrane
otoliths

183
Q

otolithic membrane

A

jelly layer of maculae
modification of endolymph that got very thick and has stones embedded
by increasing weight of endolymph, we give it inertia

184
Q

why is it important that the otolithic membrane is heavier/thicker?

A

so that it only tells us our head is moving when it is more than just a slight movement

185
Q

otoliths

A

stones embedded in otolithic membrane

create the extra weight

186
Q

responses of maculae to inertia (process)

A
  1. movement of otolithic membrane bends hairs
    - bend hairs one way –> open ion channels –> depolarization
    - bend hairs other way –> close ion channels –> hyperpolarization
  2. increase or decrease release of neurotransmitter
  3. causes change in rate of impulses to brain
187
Q

static equilibrium

A

when your head is moved in space, not by you
ex: in an elevator, when it goes up/down
associated with maculae

188
Q

maculae in utricle detect which type of movement? how?

A

L/R movement is detected by utricle

maculae are horizontal, hair cells are vertical –> L/R movements bend hair cells

189
Q

maculae in saccule detect which type of movement? how?

A

up/down movement is detected by saccule

maculae are vertical, hair cells are horizontal –> up/down movements bend hair cells

190
Q

crista ampullaris

A

located in ampulla at base of each semicircular canal

a dynamic equilibrium sensor

191
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

rotational movement

associated with crista ampullaris

192
Q

crista ampullaris componenents

A

supporting cells
hair cells (detect movement)
cupula

193
Q

cupula

A

structure that hair cells are oriented in in crista ampullaris
contains sensory receptors

194
Q

responses of crista ampullaris to inertia (process)

A
  1. movement of endolymph deforms crista
  2. increase or decrease in release of neurotransmitter
  3. causes change in rate of impulses to brain
  4. rotation affects each side of head differently
    - this allows brain to determine head movement

Anatomy I (6 decks)

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