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Anatomy I > Exam 4- Special Senses > Flashcards

Exam 4- Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

the 5 special senses

A 
smell 
taste
hearing
sight
equilibrium
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2
Q

which senses are not special?

A

touch and stretch

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3
Q

how do special senses differ from general senses?

A

special senses have complex sensory receptors

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4
Q

the 2 chemical senses

A

gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell)

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5
Q

sensory receptor for gustation

A

taste bud

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6
Q

where are taste buds located?

A

in mucous papillae of tongue

and on soft palate (roof of mouth), cheeks, pharynx, epiglottis

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7
Q

papillae

A

projections on tongue which contain taste buds

fungiform & circumvallate

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8
Q

roughly how many taste buds are on the human tongue?

A

10k

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9
Q

fungiform papillae

A

scattered all over the surface of tongue

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10
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

way in the back of the tongue, form a V
very large and lumpy
there are 7-12 on tongue

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11
Q

structural components of taste bud

A 
gustatory cells
supporting cells 
basal cells
taste pore
gustatory hair
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12
Q

gustatory cells

A

taste bud cells

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13
Q

supporting cells of taste bud and olfactory receptor cells

A

cells surrounding receptor cells, most numerous

support, protect, and nourish sensory receptor cell

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14
Q

basal cells of taste buds and olfactory cells

A

stem cells that can become sensory receptor cells or supporting cells
at base of sensory receptor cells and supporting cells
actively reproducing- divide and replace continuously

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15
Q

taste pore

A

opening in taste bud

contain gustatory hairs

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16
Q

gustatory hairs

A

membrane that interact with the chemical (where chemicals flood/bind)
comes out of taste pores
extension of plasma membrane of gustatory cells

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17
Q

basic taste sensations

A 
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umami
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18
Q

which chemicals promote intake of what you’re eating (make you want to eat more)

A

sweet (sugars and alcohols) and salty (metal ions)

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19
Q

which chemicals activate sweet taste receptors?

A

sugars and alcohols

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20
Q

which chemicals activate salty taste receptors?

A

metal ions

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21
Q

which chemicals activate sour taste receptors?

A

acids

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22
Q

which chemicals activate bitter taste receptors?

A

alkaloids (nicotine, caffeine), and non-alkaloids (aspirin, beer hopps)

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23
Q

which taste sensation is a preventative, protective response?

A

bitter
this taste reduces the desire to eat
bitter is often associated with nitrogenous compounds, which could be toxic

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24
Q

which chemicals activate umami taste receptors?

A

glutamate (an amino acid)

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25
what flavor is umami
"cooked meat" | glutamate gives foods extra flavor
26
t/f taste receptors all have the same threshold of how much of the chemical has to bind before it gets an action potential
false! | different receptors have different thresholds
27
do taste bud receptors adapt rapidly or slowly?
rapidly
28
physiology of taste (process)
1. chemical dissolves in saliva 2. chemical binds to gustatory hairs 3. gustatory cell membrane depolarizes 4. generator potentials created 5. action potential is sent to CNS through cranial nerves 6. neurotransmitter released
29
what mechanism of depolarization is used for salty and sour?
channel-linked (direct)
30
what mechanism of depolarization is used for bitter, sweet, and umami?
G-protein linked (indirect)
31
where in the CNS are action potentials sent for taste?
first to solitary nucleus in medulla then through thalamus to gustatory cortex also to hypothalamus (this is limbic system --> causes emotional run to food)
32
3 functions of taste
trigger digestive reflex gagging vomiting
33
sympathetic responses to taste
gagging and vomiting | these are preservation reflexes
34
parasympathetic response to taste
trigger digestive reflex salivate, stomach produces gastric juice, get active and ready to digest we taste something --> we like it --> activates digestive system
35
where is olfactory epithelium located?
located in the mucosa at roof of nasal cavity
36
structural components of olfactory receptor
``` olfactory receptor cells supporting cells basal cells olfactory cilia filaments of olfactory nerve ```
37
smell receptor cells
olfactory receptor cells
38
olfactory cilia
part that actually interacts with the chemical hairlike extensions off olfactory receptor cells on dendritic end of receptor cells (synapse with olfactory nerve) embedded within mucosa specific to certain chemicals
39
Olfactory receptor cells synapse with________ a the cribriform plate
filaments of the olfactory nerve
40
physiology of smell (process)
1. gaseous molecules enter nasal cavity 2. dissolves in epithelial mucus 3. dissolved chemicals bind to receptor molecules on olfactory cilia 4. receptor potential generated 5. action potential transferred through filaments 6. synapse with olfactory bulbs at glomeruli 7. action potential sent to CNS via olfactory tracts
41
t/f olfactory receptors are off until a chemical turns them on
true
42
CNS destinations for smell
first to thalamus thalamus --> olfactory cortex hypothalamus --> amygdala and limbic system
43
what happens in olfactory cortex
interpretation and identification of smell
44
what happens when smell goes to amygdala and limbic system
elicits emotional response to odors
45
t/f concentration of scent chemical in the air has to be very high to elicit an emotional response
false! it can be quite minute and still elicit emotion | think aromatherapy
46
functions of smell
sympathetic activity parasympathetic activity sneezing choking
47
preventive activity functions of smell
sneezing and choking
48
sympathetic activity functions of smell
we smell things that put us in attack/defense mode | we tend to gravitate toward the smell
49
pheremones
scents that elicit sexual arousal
50
parasympathetic activity function of smell
when you smell a good thing, digestion may begin | stomach starts churning, start salivating, etc
51
you're walking down your street and all of a sudden catch a whiff of char-broiled burgers coming from your neighbors house. your stomach starts to churn and you start to salivate. is this a sympathetic or parasympathetic function of smell?
parasympathetic | it is related to digestion
52
sensory receptor of vision
eyeball
53
70% of all sensory receptors are in which structure?
eyes
54
accessory eye structures
``` eyebrows eyelids eyelashes conjunctiva lacrimal apparatus extrinsic eye muscles ```
55
eyebrows function
filter sunlight and divert sweat
56
eyelids function
``` cover eye (protection) and lubricate eyes facilitate blinking ```
57
eyelashes function
filter for dust particles | base has root hair plexus around it
58
blinking
an involuntary thing when something touches the eye we blink blinking moves around fluid in eye
59
conjunctiva
transparent mucus membrane on inside of eyes
60
lacrimal apparatus
liquid producing gland in the eye | made of the lacrimal gland and lacrimal duct
61
lacrimal gland
located on anterior lateral portion of eyeball (like below eyebrow arch) secretes liquid, which exits onto eye; then blinking moves liquid around
62
lacrimal duct
"tear duct" on medial side of eye drains liquid from eyeball into nose
63
why does our nose get runny when we cry or when our eye is irritated?
the lacrimal duct, which drains liquid from the eye, drains this liquid through the nose
64
extrinsic eye muscles
there are 3 on each side (6 total) | moves eye within the socket
65
nystagmus
eyes jittering back and forth | high/drunk driving test
66
3 meta structures of the eyes
tunics humors lens
67
tunics
``` wall of eyeball, provide the ball shape fibrous tunic (outermost) vascular tunic (uvea; middle) sensory tunic (retina; innermost) ```
68
fibrous tunic
outermost tunic, functions in protection | contains sclera and cornea
69
sclera
white part of eye that extends all the way around back | part of fibrous tunic
70
cornea
transparent part of eye right over the front of the eye | part of fibrous tunic
71
vascular tunic
aka uvea middle tunic layer (immediately deep to fibrous) contains choroid, ciliary body, and iris
72
choroid
layer of eye full of blood vessels to nourish eye and allow exchange part of vascular tunic
73
ciliary body
intrinsic eye muscles that attach to lens by the suspensory ligaments for focusing modification of choroid that goes completely around lens
74
suspensory ligaments function
connect ciliary body to lens
75
iris
modification of choroid that is only in front of the lens highly pigmented (genetically determined) contains pupil (hole in iris) part of vascular tunic
76
sensory tunic
aka retina innermost tunic highly neural sensory portion of eye contains pigmented layer and neural layer
77
humors of the eye
fluids within the eye that help it to maintain shape | vitreous humor and aqueous humor
78
vitreous humor
gel-like, behind lens created as embryo, is never replaced maintains intraocular pressure posterior humor
79
aqueous humor
more watery, in front of lens liquid secreted by ciliary body continuously replaced anterior humor
80
lens
changes shape to bend light for focusing is adjustable biconvex (rounded on both sides)
81
pigmented layer of retina
light-absorbing layer furthest back part of retina last part of the eye for light to reach
82
neural layer of retina
includes neurons, sensory receptor cells, and photoreceptors
83
layers of neural layer of retina from front to back
ganglion cells (furthest front) bipolar cells photoreceptors
84
photoreceptors
receptors specific for light energy | rods and cones
85
rods
most numerous photoreceptor function best in dim light give us good peripheral vision
86
cones
photoreceptor involved with color vision function best in bright light give us visual acuity
87
bipolar cell layer of retina
synapse with photoreceptors | relay photoreceptors to ganglion cells
88
ganglion cell layer of retina
carry signals to the brain | axons of ganglion cells gather together to create optic nerve
89
cataracts
clouding of lens | this is cumulative over time
90
what promotes cataracts? what prevents them?
promotes: cigarette smoking and UV radiation prevents: vitamin C
91
properties of light
absorbance, transmittance, reflection, refraction
92
human vision only uses part of the light energy available- what is this called? what wavelengths?
visible light spectrum | 400-700 nm
93
how does electromagnetic radiation relate to color?
wavelengths of light are each linked to specific colors
94
photon
unit of light
95
transmission
the light that passes through an object and is given back off because it wasn't absorbed
96
process of seeing a green shirt
1. all wavelengths of light except green are absorbed by shirt 2. the green wavelengths are transmitted and reach your eyes 3. transmitted wavelength goes into your eyeball and stimulates a cone for that specific wavelength 4. we understand the color generated
97
reflection
light bounces off of a surface (no absorption or transmittance) bounces off glass, water, side of car, etc
98
refraction
bending of light
99
what causes light to bend/refract?
photons are moving through medium at a constant rate, when they reach a new medium --> their speed changes --> light gets bent
100
at what places does light bend on its way to the retina?
1. from the air into the cornea 2. from the cornea into the aqueous humor 3. from the aqueous humor into the lens 4. from the lens into the vitreous humor
101
how does the lens work?
light comes to the eye from all angles, and the lens converges all of these lights into a single point (focal point) on the cakewalked of they eye at the retina
102
emmetropic eye
perfect vision, focal point lands on retina with no extra help
103
myopic eye
"nearsighted" | focal point is in front of retina
104
hyperopic eye
"farsighted" | focal point is behind retina
105
how to eyeglasses work?
they act as an additional lens to bend the light again so that the focal point will land on the retina
106
how to correct a myopic eye
use a concave lens
107
how to correct a hyperopic eye
use a convex lens
108
mechanisms of focusing in the eyes
accommodation of lenses constriction of pupils convergence of eyeballs
109
accommodation of lenses
lens changes shape to let light in; ciliary muscles contract and change length of suspensory ligaments; which changes shape of lens intrinsic eye muscles are what change the shape of lens
110
constriction of pupils
constricting pupils decreases amount of light that can reach the lens helps us focus better on only what is in front of us
111
in low light, is the pupil larger or smaller?
larger
112
in bright light, is the pupil larger or smaller?
smaller
113
convergence of eyeballs
we want both of our eyeballs aligning on what we're looking at
114
near-focal distance
point where your eyes can no longer converge and focus on an object (as your moving it in closer)
115
sensory receptors for eyes
photoreceptors
116
components of photoreceptor
``` outer segment inner segment cell body inner fiber outer fiber synaptic endings ```
117
outer segment of photoreceptor
furthers part from cell body (closest to epithelium) | contains photopigments, arranged in discs
118
2 parts of photopigments
retinol (derivative of vitamin A) and opsin (a protein) | we get retinol from food and opsin from our body
119
how many different types of photoreceptors can retinol and opsin make?
retinol and opsin combine in 4 different ways to make 4 different photoreceptors that respond to different wavelengths of light
120
inner segment of photoreceptor
closer to cell body | contain mitochondria
121
t/f to activate photoreceptors, we turn them off
true
122
cell body of photoreceptors
found in both rods and cones | on dendritic side
123
inner fiber of photoreceptor
found in all photoreceptors | axon running away from cell body (between cell body and synapse)
124
outer fiber of photoreceptor
only found in rods
125
synaptic endings of photoreceptors
synapses with bipolar cells to ganglion cells to optic nerve to brain
126
t/f visual receptors are always on
true
127
what is the stimulus that activates rods and cones
light energy
128
what happens when light hits photoreceptors?
it changes the rate of action potential being transferred
129
process of photoreceptor action
1. visual pigments absorb light 2. light triggers breakdown of pigment (photobleaching) - retinol separates from opsin - cGMP is destroyed (secondary messenger) - Na ion gates close 3. photoreceptors hyperpolarize 4. release of neurotransmitter is inhibited (light activation)
130
what happens in photobleaching
it is an indirect mechanism retinol separates from opsin cGMP (secondary messenger) is destroyed Na gates close
131
what happens when photoreceptors hyperpolarize?
photoreceptors get shut off --> brain realizes that the color-specific receptor is shut off --> brain interprets color of what we just saw
132
what is light activation in terms of photoreceptor action?
when bipolar cells do not receive neurotransmitter from photoreceptors
133
visual pathway to the brain (process)
1. axons of retinal ganglion cells comprise the optic nerve 2. cross at optic chiasma 3. continue on as optic tracts 4. send signal to: - thalamus --> primary visual cortex - midbrain --> superior colliculus
134
how does the optic chiasma work
medial fibers from each eye cross to opposite sides visual info from both eyes goes to both halves of brain this gives us a good stereostopic field of vision
135
we're only consciously aware we're seeing something once it reaches the ______
primary visual cortex
136
superior colliculus
visual reflex center | controls extrinsic eye muscles
137
unconscious part of brain that gets sent visual signal
midbrain to superior colliculus
138
which two senses is the ear involved with?
hearing and equilibrium
139
outer ear
involved in hearing only | contains pinna, helix, lobule, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane
140
pinna
"radar dish" bendy flap that collects and bends sound to bounce it into ear canal contains helix (cartilage) and lobule (earlobe) part of outer ear
141
external auditory canal
descends down deeper into ear at the very end is the tympanic membrane transfers sound part of outer ear
142
tympanic membrane
aka eardrum thin tissue layer dividing line between outer and middle ear part of outer ear
143
middle ear
involved in hearing only | contains oval window, round window, pharyngotympanic tube, and ossicles
144
oval window
pushed up against by stapes (between stapes and vestibule) part of middle ear
145
pharyngotympanic tube
connects middle ear to pharynx (throat) how we equalize pressure in the middle ear (middle ear has to be same pressure as atmosphere) aka eustachian tube
146
ossicles
tiny bones of middle ear bounce sound malleus, incus, stapes
147
malleus pushes against which structure of ear?
tympanic membrane
148
inner ear
hearing AND balance | contains bony labyrinth, vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, perilymph, membranous labyrinth, and endolymph
149
bony labyrinth
tunnels within skull bones that are lined by membranous labyrinth contains vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
150
vestibule
part of bony labyrinth that is immediately after oval window | contains saccule, utricle, and maculae
151
saccule
part of vestibule continuous with cochlea
152
utricle
part of vestibule continuous with semicircular canals
153
maculae
receptors for equilibrium and balance | found in saccule and utricle
154
semicircular canals
equilibrium part of ear part of bony labyrinth- one direction from vestibule 3 semicircular canals: anterior, posterior, lateral contains ampulla
155
anterior semicircular canal
runs vertical
156
posterior semicircular canal
runs on diagonal
157
lateral semicircular canal
runs horizontal
158
ampulla
swollen pockets a ends of each semicircular canal | contain crista ampullara
159
cochlea
tubelike coil hearing part of inner ear part of bony labyrinth- one direction from vestibule contains cochlear duct, organ of corti, and scalas
160
cochlear duct
coil running through cochlear tube
161
organ of corti
receptor for hearing
162
scalas
chambers of cochlear duct
163
perilymph
lines outside of bony labyrinth
164
membranous labyrinth
part of inner ear that contains endolymph | lines inside of bony labyrinth
165
endolymph
fluid secreted by membranous labyrinth in inner ear
166
sound
the stimulus that activates organ of corti | travels in waves
167
t/f organ of corti is off until turned on
true
168
frequency
how fast a wave is moving | faster = higher pitch
169
loudness
height (amplitude) of wave | taller = louder
170
how do different frequencies affect hearing?
different frequencies cause hair cells to be bent in different parts of organ of corti
171
hearing process
1. sounds set up vibrations in air 2. vibrations are focused through external auditory canal to tympanic membrane 3. tympanic membrane vibrates 4. vibrations transfer to auditory ossicles 5. stapes presses fluids of inner ear at oval window 6. force of fluids activates organ of corti 7. neurons are stimulated (action potential) 8. signal is sent to brain
172
components of organ of corti
supporting cells cochlear hair cells cochlear nerve
173
cochlear hair cells
receptor cells | waves of endolymph pass by and cause hair cells to bend --> causes signal or action potential
174
cochlear nerve
axons of all the cochlear hair cells
175
process of activation of organ of corti
1. endolymph waves bend cochlear hair cells 2. bending opens cation channels, causes depolarization - or closes cation channels, causing re- or hyper-polarization 3. depolarization increases release of neurotransmitter 4. signal sent through spinal ganglion --> cochlear nerve --> medulla --> midbrain --> auditory cortex - also to thalamus, then midbrain
176
t/f #of cochlear hair cels activated depends on loudness
true
177
3 ways in which we differentiate sounds
pitch loudness direction
178
how do we differentiate sounds based on pitch
cochlear hair cells are specific to different pitches
179
how do we differentiate sounds based on loudness
based on location of hair cells
180
how do we differentiate sounds based on direction
timing/frequency of action potentials to each ear helps us differentiate where sound came from
181
sensors involved in equilibrium
inner ear --> vestibular apparatus eyes stretch receptors
182
maculae components
supporting cells hair cells (detect movement) otolithic membrane otoliths
183
otolithic membrane
jelly layer of maculae modification of endolymph that got very thick and has stones embedded by increasing weight of endolymph, we give it inertia
184
why is it important that the otolithic membrane is heavier/thicker?
so that it only tells us our head is moving when it is more than just a slight movement
185
otoliths
stones embedded in otolithic membrane | create the extra weight
186
responses of maculae to inertia (process)
1. movement of otolithic membrane bends hairs - bend hairs one way --> open ion channels --> depolarization - bend hairs other way --> close ion channels --> hyperpolarization 2. increase or decrease release of neurotransmitter 3. causes change in rate of impulses to brain
187
static equilibrium
when your head is moved in space, not by you ex: in an elevator, when it goes up/down associated with maculae
188
maculae in utricle detect which type of movement? how?
L/R movement is detected by utricle | maculae are horizontal, hair cells are vertical --> L/R movements bend hair cells
189
maculae in saccule detect which type of movement? how?
up/down movement is detected by saccule | maculae are vertical, hair cells are horizontal --> up/down movements bend hair cells
190
crista ampullaris
located in ampulla at base of each semicircular canal | a dynamic equilibrium sensor
191
dynamic equilibrium
rotational movement | associated with crista ampullaris
192
crista ampullaris componenents
supporting cells hair cells (detect movement) cupula
193
cupula
structure that hair cells are oriented in in crista ampullaris contains sensory receptors
194
responses of crista ampullaris to inertia (process)
1. movement of endolymph deforms crista 2. increase or decrease in release of neurotransmitter 3. causes change in rate of impulses to brain 4. rotation affects each side of head differently - this allows brain to determine head movement

Anatomy I (6 decks)

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