Exam 4- Motor Activity Flashcards
1
Q
12 pairs of cranial nerves
A
(I) Olfactory (II) Optic (III) Oculomotor (IV) Trochlear (V) Trigeminal (VI) Abducens (VII) Facial (VIII) Vestibulocochlear (IX) Glossopharyngeal (X) Vagus (XI) Accessory (XII) Hypoglossal
2
Q
I nerve
A
olfactory
3
Q
II nerve
A
optic
4
Q
III nerve
A
oculomotor
5
Q
IV nerve
A
trochlear
6
Q
V nerve
A
trigeminal
7
Q
VI nerve
A
adbucens
8
Q
VII nerve
A
facial
9
Q
VIII nerve
A
vestibulocochlear
10
Q
IX nerve
A
glossopharyngeal
11
Q
X nerve
A
vagus
12
Q
XI nerve
A
accessory
13
Q
XII nerve
A
hypoglossal
14
Q
olfactory nerve
A
smell
15
Q
optic nerve
A
vision
16
Q
oculomotor nerve
A
external eye movement
17
Q
trochlear nerve
A
internal eye movement
allows focusing
18
Q
trigeminal nerve
A
facial sensations; chewing
largest cranial nerve
19
Q
abducens nerve
A
eye abduction; causes eyeballs to look straight ahead (keep eyes focused together)
20
Q
facial nerve
A
facial expressions (moving brows, curling lips)
21
Q
vestibulocochlear nerve
A
hearing, balance
inner ear
22
Q
glossopharyngeal nerve
A
tongue, pharynx
back of tongue
23
Q
vagus nerve
A
goes down to heart
slows heart
24
Q
accessory nerve
A
goes to neck
twists neck
25
hypoglossal nerve
tongue
| front, underside of tongue
26
which cranial nerves are associated with forebrain
olfactory (I) and optic (II)
27
which cranial nerves are associated with midbrain
III through XII
28
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
29
spinal nerves are all what kind of nerves?
mixed nerves
30
how are spinal nerves named?
point of origin at spinal cord
| cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
31
nerve roots
attachments for spinal nerves to spinal cord
32
ventral root
motor with axons from anterior or lateral horns
33
dorsal root
sensory that synapses with posterior
34
rootlets
merge to make the roots
| 2 roots join to make the nerves
35
nerve ramus
division off the spinal nerve
36
dorsal ramus
branches toward back side of body
| goes to posterior trunk and limbs
37
ventral ramus
branches toward front side of body
| goes to anterior trunk and limbs
38
phrenic nerve
cervical plexus nerve
| controls diaphragm- allows us to breathe, causes hiccups
39
median nerve
serves skin and flexor muscles of the forearm
| between radius and ulna
40
ulnar nerve
"funny bone"
runs right next to humerus, between ulna and humerus
runs near surface of body --> bumped easily
41
sciatic nerve
sacral plexus nerve
serves entire lower limb except for anterior medial portion of thigh
largest nerve in body
42
largest, longest, thickest nerve in body
sciatic nerve
43
pudendal nerve
serves muscles and skin of perineum (between genitals and anus)
allows voluntary bladder control
44
plexus
branching and linking of ventral rami
occur only in cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions
primarily serve limbs --> prevent full paralyzation
45
t/f plexuses occur in all regions except for sacral region
false!
| plexuses occur in all regions except for thoracic region
46
dermatome
area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve
47
every spinal nerve except ___ has an area of skin that it innervates
C1
48
nerve endings/motor endings
PNS elements that activate effector organs by releasing neurotransmitters
49
endings of somatic nerve fibers (muscle)
neuromuscular junction
50
intrinsic reflex
rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus that is UNLEARNED, UNPREMEDITATED, INVOLUNTARY
innate
ex: knee-jerk
51
acquired reflex
rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus that results from PRACTICE OR REPeTITION
learned activity
52
reflex arc componenents
```
receptor
sensory neuron
integration center
motor neuron
effector
```
53
receptor of reflex arc
what is stimulated
| sends signal to CNS through sensory neuron
54
sensory neuron of reflex neuron
first order neuron
| how the signal is sent from receptors to CNS
55
integration center
in CNS
spinal cord for intrinsic reflex
brain for acquired reflex
56
motor neuron
carries efferent signal away from CNS to tell effector what to do
57
effector
organ that has reflex action
| causes movement
58
t/f somatic reflexes are spinal reflexes
true
59
what do somatic reflexes target?
skeletal muscle
60
monosynaptic reflexes
one synapse
| sensory neuron synapses directly with motor neuron
61
polysynaptic neuron
multiple synapses; uses interneuron
| sensory neuron synapses with interneurons that THEN synapse with motor neuron
62
reflexes that go to brain are always (monosynaptic/polysynaptic)
polysynaptic
63
what do autonomic reflexes target?
cardiac and smooth muscle tissue, glandular tissue
64
spinal reflexes
somatic reflexes mediated by spinal cord
65
stretch reflex process
1. muscle spindle apparatus is stretched (detects)
2. sensory neurons transmit signal to spinal cord
3. sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons
4. motor neurons carry signal to muscle extrafusal fibers
5. contraction occurs
66
stretch reflex is ____synaptic and ___lateral
monosynaptic ; ipsilateral
67
reciprocal inhibition
relaxation of antagonist muscle brought about by stretch reflex
68
when muscle spindle apparatus is activated, it sends 2 signals. what are they and to who?
sends signal to alpha efferent fibers to cause contractions
| sends signal through antagonistic muscles to inhibit them
69
gamma motor neuron reflex arc
accompanies stretch reflex
refines contractions promoted by stretch reflex
regulates response of spindle intrafusal fibers
70
golgi tendon reflex
muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to contraction
| detecting stretch in tendon; shows that muscle is over-contracting; so we shut off contraction of that muscle
71
golgi tendon reflex is always ___synaptic
polysynaptic
72
reciprocal activation
contraction of the antagonist in order to stop the over-contracting muscle
73
process of golgi tendon reflex
1. contraction/stretching of muscle increases muscle tension
2. golgi tendon organs activated
3. afferent impulses transmitted to spinal cord and cerebellum and synapse with motor neuron
4. motor neurons supplying muscle are inhibited
5. antagonist muscles are activated
74
withdrawal reflex
painful stimulus causes automatic withdrawal of threatened body part from stimulus
decreases angle of joint
aka flexor reflex
75
withdrawal reflex is always ___lateral and ___synaptic
ipsilateral and polysynaptic
76
process of withdrawal reflex
1. sensory receptor detects pain and is activated
2. sends signal to spinal cord
3. has an interneuron, which then causes motor neuron to activate muscle to cause it to contract
4. reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscle
77
ipsilateral
on the same side (no desiccation)
78
contralateral
opposite side (yes dessucation)
79
crossed extensor reflex
ipsilateral withdrawal reflex + contralateral extensor reflex
when you step on something painful like a nail
withdrawal part- lift up the leg that touched the painful stimulus
extensor part- other leg straightens for support so you can shift weight
80
superficial reflexes
caused by gentle cutaneous stimulation (light touch of skin)
plantar reflex
abdominal reflex
81
plantar reflex
gently stroke bottom of foot --> toes curl downward
82
babinski sign
instead of plantar reflex, toes turn up and fan out when sole of foot is brushed
sign of stroke
seen in babies
83
abdominal reflex
lightly stroke skin near belly button --> causes muscle contraction and belly button moves toward site of stimulus
84
components of muscle spindle
```
intramural fibers
extrafusal fibers
type Ia fibers
type II fibers
gamma efferent fibers
alpha efferent fibers
```
85
intrafusal fibers
small noncontractle muscle fibers
| functions as sensory receptor
86
extrafusal fibers
contractile part of muscle
87
function of type ia and type ii fibers
detect stretch and send signal to spinal cord
88
gamma efferent fibers
stimulate intrafusal fibers to maintain tension/stretch (go to ends of intrafusal fibers where it is contractile)
89
alpha efferent fibers
stimulate contraction in extrafusal fibers
| causes muscle to contract
90
sensory fibers of muscle spindle
type ia and type ii
91
motor fibers of muscle spindle
gamma efferent and alpha efferent
92
levels of hierarchy of motor control
```
precommand level (highest)
projection level
segmental level (lowest)
```
93
precommand level of motor control
"control center"
programs and contains instruction, modifies feedback
signal comes from cerebellum and basal nuclei
regulates motor activity coming from projection level (controls output from cerebral cortex)
94
projection level of motor control
conscious sensations of relaying instructions to spinal cord
signal comes from cerebral cortex
2 pathways: direct or indirect
95
direct (pyramidal) pathway of projection level motor control
for highly refined movements
cerebral cortex to spinal cord to effector organs
motor cortex signal to spinal cord links to anterior horns producing voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
96
indirect (extrapyramidal) pathway of projection level motor control
cerebral cortex to brain stem to spinal cord to effector organ
(takes extra step of going up to brain stem)
sends signals to segmental level for precommand as extra step
97
segmental level of motor control
signal comes from spinal cord and goes directly to effector organ
example: reflexes
nuclei in the anterior horn activate the muscle (no brain signal needed)
use CPGs
98
CPG (central pattern generator)
things that are coordinated and done repeatedly (like walking) are done through spinal cord
