Exam 4- Sensory

Question 1

sensory receptors

Answer 1

neural structures that respond to stimuli by generating an action potential

Question 2

function of sensory receptors

Answer 2

they can lead to, but do not directly provide themselves, sensation (awareness of stimuli) and perception

Question 3

how are sensory receptors classified?

Answer 3

type of stimuli they detect
location
structural complexity

Question 4

sensory receptors classified by structural complexity

Answer 4

simple receptors

complex receptors

Question 5

sensory receptors classified by stimulus detected

Answer 5

mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
nociceptors
chemoreceptors

Question 6

sensory receptors classified by location

Answer 6

exteroreceptors
interoreceptors
proprioceptors

Question 7

simple receptors

Answer 7

modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons

Question 8

complex receptors

Answer 8

localized collection of cells associated with the special senses
(sense organs like eyeballs, ears, taste buds, olfactory receptors, etc)

Question 9

what does a stimulus to a sensory receptor result in?

Answer 9

generator potential (excitatory or inhibitory)

Question 10

mechanoreceptor

Answer 10

stimulus: mechanical energy/force

Question 11

thermoreceptor

Answer 11

stimulus: thermal/heat energy

Question 12

photoreceptor

Answer 12

stimulus: light energy

Question 13

nociceptor

Answer 13

stimulus: pain or potentially dangerous stimuli

Question 14

chemoreceptor

Answer 14

stimulus: chemical energy

Question 15

if any receptor is overstimulated, it sends what type of signal?

Answer 15

pain

Question 16

exteroceptor

Answer 16

stimulus is outside the body

ex: touch, pain, pressure, temp, sight, etc

Question 17

interoceptor

Answer 17

stimulus is within body

ex: stretch, temp, chemical, etc

Question 18

proprioceptor

Answer 18

stimulus is within muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, and connective tissue
detects stretch and is involved with balance

Question 19

free nerve endings

Answer 19

dendrite is available to be stimulated (no connective tissue wrapping)
do not have complex sensory structures
sensitive to painful stimuli, hot/cold, light touch

Question 20

examples of receptors with free nerve endings

Answer 20

merkel discs
hair follicle receptors
itch receptors

Question 21

merkel discs

Answer 21

sensory cells in deep epidermis that respond to light touch

nerve ending is free

Question 22

hair follicle receptors

Answer 22

around base of hair follicle
detect when hair is bent
nerve ending is free

Question 23

itch receptors

Answer 23

stimulated by touch (things like the sensation when you feel wool)
in dermis
nerve ending is free

Question 24

encapsulated dendritic endings

Answer 24

dendrites are enclosed in connective tissue

have either a brush border or fluid-filled sacs at ends

Question 25

examples of receptors with encapsulated dendritic endings

Answer 25

``` meissners corpuscles pacinian corpuscles ruffinis corpuscles muscle spindles golgi tendon organs joint kinesthetic receptors ```

Question 26

meissners corpuscles

Answer 26

light touch receptors in superficial dermis | nerve ending is encapsulated

Question 27

pacinian corpuscles

Answer 27

deep pressure receptors in deep dermis | nerve ending is encapsulated

Question 28

ruffinis corpuscles

Answer 28

stretch receptors; found in CT | nerve ending is encapsulated

Question 29

muscle spindles

Answer 29

detect stretch in muscle | nerve ending is encapsulated

Question 30

golgi tendon organs

Answer 30

detect stretch in tendons | nerve ending is encapsulated

Question 31

joint kinesthetic receptors

Answer 31

detect stretch in articular capsule of synovial membrane of joint nerve ending is encapsulated

Question 32

somatosensory system

Answer 32

part of the sensory system that serves the body wall and limbs

Question 33

somatosensory system requires neural integration at the ___ level, ___ level, and ___ level

Answer 33

receptor; circuit; perceptual

Question 34

stimulation of sensory receptors occurs at which level of neural integration of the somatosensory system?

Answer 34

receptor level processing

Question 35

receptor level processing

Answer 35

1. receptor must be receptive (specific) to stimulus 2. stimulus must be applied within receptive field 3. stimulus transducer into receptor potential - electrical impulse/generator potential produced - must get to threshold & be depolarizing to initiate action potential 4. action potential produced 5. neurotransmitter released at synapse

Question 36

ascending pathways sending information up spinal cord to brain to appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex occurs at which level of neural integration of the somatosensory system?

Answer 36

circuit level

Question 37

circuit level processing

Answer 37

1. 1st-order neurons carry signal to spinal cord 2. 1st-order synapse with 2nd-order neurons in spinal cord or medulla (unless part of spinal reflex) 3. 2nd-order neurons carry impulse to thalamus or cerebellum 4. 2nd-order synapse with 3rd-order neurons if in thalamus 5. transmit signal to somatosensory cortex of cerebrum

Question 38

perceptual level processing

Answer 38

message to cortex is always action potential sensation is determined based on what part of cortex receives the impulse done by 3rd order neurons

Question 39

projection

Answer 39

project action potential to a certain part of the brain

Question 40

types of receptors in receptor-level processing

Answer 40

tonic receptors | phasic receptors

Question 41

tonic receptors

Answer 41

generate nerve impulse at constant rate, unless altered (a nerve impulse is always being sent) always on, we just change the rate adapt slowly

Question 42

equilibrium maintenance in the ears is an example of tonic receptors or phasic receptors?

Answer 42

tonic receptors

Question 43

phasic receptors

Answer 43

normally off, unless activated/stimulated | adapt rapidly

Question 44

adaptation

Answer 44

reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus when a receptor is constantly stimulated, they stop sending signals

Question 45

t/f nociceptors do not adapt at all

Answer 45

true

Question 46

aspects of sensory perception

Answer 46

``` perceptual detection magnitude estimation spatial discrimination feature discrimination quality discrimination pattern recognition ```

Question 47

perceptual detection

Answer 47

ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred somewhere

Question 48

magnitude estimation

Answer 48

detects quantity of stimulus aka # of action potentials in cerebral cortex frequency tells us how strong stimulus is

Question 49

spatial discrimination

Answer 49

detecting which part of our body is being stimulated | based on which part of cerebral cortex is receiving stimulus

Question 50

feature abstraction

Answer 50

distinguish different things we're touching, based on the association area "touch determination"

Question 51

which aspect of sensory perception allows you to tell you're touching sandpaper even when blindfolded?

Answer 51

feature abstraction

Question 52

quality discrimination

Answer 52

"submodalities" | sour vs bitter, high pitch v low pitch

Question 53

pattern recognition

Answer 53

ability to recognize different patterns recognize familiar vs unfamiliar things, recognize things of importance to us related to "learned" portion of brain

Question 54

which aspect of sensory perception allows you to remember the melody to a song?

Answer 54

pattern recognition

Question 55

nerve

Answer 55

cordlike organ of PNS parallel bundles off peripheral neurons enclosed by successive wrappings of CT can only carry impulse in 1 direction (toward or away from CNS)

Question 56

ganglion

Answer 56

collections of neuron cell bodies associated with peripheral neurons

Question 57

classifications of nerves

Answer 57

sensory (afferent) motor (efferent) mixed

Question 58

sensory (afferent) nerves

Answer 58

toward CNS | away from PNS

Question 59

optic nerve is an example of which nerve classification?

Answer 59

sensory nerve

Question 60

motor (efferent) nerve

Answer 60

away from CNS | toward PNS

Question 61

mixed nerves

Answer 61

most of the nerves in our body components of sensory and motor neurons more efficient than motor or sensory

Question 62

what is nerve regeneration?

Answer 62

regeneration is limited to all damaged areas of nerve EXCEPT the cell body primarily in PNS

Question 63

why does nerve regeneration not occur in cell body?

Answer 63

if cell body dies, the neuron dies | the connected neurons also die if they exclusively receive impulses from the "dead" neuron

Question 64

why is nerve regeneration primarily a process of PNS?

Answer 64

damage in CNS neurons has low chance for regeneration (longer neurons) damage to PNS neurons has higher chance for regeneration depending on where damage occurred

Question 65

process of nerve regeneration

Answer 65

1. peripheral axon injured 2. separated ends seal and swell 3. Wallerian regeneration occurs 4. surviving Schwann cells proliferate and migrate to injury site (replicate) 5. schwann cells release growth factors and CAMS (cell adhesion molecules) and form regeneration tube

Question 66

wallerian regeneration

Answer 66

phagocytes degrade axon, but neurolemma within endometrium remains intact (axon and axon sheath in area of damage degenerate)

Question 67

what happens after regeneration tube is formed in nerve regeneration

Answer 67

axon starts regenerating itself from the damage proximal to the cell body, outward toward part of break distal to cell body